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OSI/ISO reference model in communication system

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OSI/ISO reference model in communication system Layer 1 (Physical): This layer considers only the physical aspects of a network; the cables, converters, interconnecting devices, etc. Layer 2 (Data-link): This layer concerns itself with how Layers 1 and 3 work together. Layer 3 (Network): This layer provides an addressing scheme for routing of data and messages. Layer 4 (Transport): This layer makes sure that messages get to their correct destination. Layer 5 (Session): This layer handles the actual connections between systems. Layer 6 (Presentation): This layer deals with the way different systems represent data. Layer 7 (Application): This layer concerns itself chiefly with the software applications used on a computer screen

Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus

Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus FOUNDATION fieldbus provides an open specification for both communications and the control application. FOUNDATION fieldbus distributes control functionality across the bus, making maximum use of local intelligence to improve performance and reduce total system cost. Devices are required to be interoperable, providing the user with tools to implement a control system with products from multiple manufacturer switch out custom programming

Benefits And Advantages of Fieldbus

Benefits And Advantages of Fieldbus Benefits of Fieldbus Reduced Cabling Simple Configuration Less maintenance Reliability Flexibility Advantages of Fieldbus High speed Interoperability with other field bus device Advanced diagnostics Reduce wiring Two way communication

Foundation Fieldbus H1

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Foundation Fieldbus H1  A fieldbus is an all-digital, serial two-way, multi-drop communication System. Which will be used in industry to replace the existing 4 -20mA analog signal. H1 (31.25kbps)interconnects field equipment(Sensors, Actuators & I/O). HSE (High Speed Ethernet, 100mbps) provides integration of high speed controllers, subsystems (via Linking Device) and data servers and workstation. A fieldbus consists of two wires. The digital signal can be transferred as a voltage difference between the wires or as a current value. Fieldbus allows “multiple variables” from each device to be brought into the control system for archiving, trend analysis, process optimization, reporting, predictive maintenance and for asset management. Fieldbus H1 Multi-Drop wire pair with Power and Signal on same cable. Support Intrinsic Safety. Function Blocks built into Field Devices. Control on the Wire – single loop integrity Distance up to 1900 meters Add Repeaters to extend > 1900 meters Max

HART Protocol

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HART Protocol The HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) Communication Protocol directly contributes to these business goals by providing cost savings in: Commissioning and installation Plant operations and improved quality Maintenance Products that use the HART protocol to provide both analog 4-20A and signals provide flexibility not available with any other communication technology The HART Communication Protocol is based on the Bell 202 telephone communication standard and operates using the frequency shift keying (FSK) principle. The digital signal is made up of two frequencies: 1,200 Hz and 2,200Hz representing bits 1 and 0, respectively. Sine waves of these two frequencies are superimposed on the direct current (dc) analog signal cables to provide simultaneous analog and digital communications as. Because the average value of the FSK signal is always zero, the 4-20mA analog signal is not affected. HART devices can operate in one of two network configurations Point-to-Point

OPC (Object linking and embedding for Process Control)

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OPC (Object linking and embedding for Process Control) OPC (Object Linking & Embedding for Process Control) is the world’s most popular standards-based data-connectivity method. OPC is the software interface standard that allows windows programs to communicate with the industrial hardware devices. The OPC server is the software program that converts the hardware communication protocol used by PLC into OPC protocol. The OPC is an industry standard set up by OPC foundation specifying the software interface to a server that collects data produced by field devices and PLC OPC resolves this by making it unnecessary for the Data Sink to know anything about how the Data Source communicates or organizes its data. OPC eliminates the need for custom drivers between each new application and Data Source. Using OPC greatly simplifies integration because once an OPC Connector for a particular Data Source is configured, all OPC enabled applications can start sharing data with that Data Source wit

Difference RS-232, RS-485, RS-422

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Difference RS-232, RS-485, RS-422

HART Protocol With Reference To OSI Model

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HART Protocol With Reference To OSI Model HART protocol The HART (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer) Communication Protocol directly contributes to these business goals by providing cost savings in: Commissioning and installation Plant operations and improved quality Maintenance Products that use the HART protocol to provide both analog 4-20A and signals provide flexibility not available with any other communication technology. The HART Communication Protocol is based on the Bell 202 telephone communication standard and operates using the frequency shift keying (FSK) principle. The digital signal is made up of two frequencies: 1,200 Hz and 2,200Hz representing bits 1 and 0, respectively. Sine waves of these two frequencies are superimposed on the direct current (dc) analog signal cables to provide simultaneous analog and digital communications. Because the average value of the FSK signal is always zero, the 4-20mA analog signal is not affected. HART Data  Digital data 35-40 valuabl

Modbus (ASCII/RTU) Communication Standard

Modbus (ASCII/RTU) Communication Standard Modbus Modbus is a serial communications protocol originally published by Modicon (now Schneider Electric) Modbus is an open data communication protocol Modbus is open structure, flexible, independent of the physical layer  Modbus is supplied by many SCADA and HMI software Modbus is 2 serial transmission modes  ASCII - 10 bits  RTU (Binary) - 11 bits Modbus is Communication interface  RS-232/485 Ethernet(TCP/IP) Application Used to establish master-slave/client-server communication between intelligent devices Openly published and royalty-free Modbus enables communication between many (approximately 247) devices connected to the same network Communication between MODBUS devices MODBUS devices communicate using a master-slave technique in which only one device (the master) can initiate transactions (called queries). The other devices (slaves) respond by supplying the requested data to the master A slave is any peripheral device (I/O transducer, v

Benefits Of Automation

Benefits Of Automation Automation Automation is Technique which is used to reduce. I cost and improve quality. Automation can increase manufacturing speed and reduce costing Automation can lead to product having consistent quality To Automation is a Technology concerned. with application of mechanical, electronic and computer-based system to operate and control system Benefits Of Automation High productivity  Although many companies hire hundreds of production workers for a up to three shifts to run the plant for the maximum number of hours, the plant still needs to be closed for maintenance and holidays. Industrial automation fulfills the aim of the company by allowing the company to run a manufacturing plant for 24 hours in a day 7 days in a week and 365 days a year. This leads to a significant improvement in the productivity of the company. High Quality Automation alleviates the error associated with a human being. Further, unlike human beings, robots do not involve any fatigue, whi

Different Automation Strategies

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Different Automation Strategies ON – OFF Control Open-Loop Control Feed- Forward Control Closed-Loop control  ON – OFF Control It is also called as two- position control system that has only two states fully on and fully off. It is the oldest type of control strategy that gives simple on- off mechanism for the set limits. Open-Loop Control In this control structure, control action is not a function of process variable or any load changes. This is also not a self-correcting one. This control scheme independently calculates control output needed to the actuator to produce the desired response. Feed- Forward Control This control scheme is implemented to reduce the effect of input disturbance on process. A sensor in this system detects the disturbances or any load changes in the process, and then controller calculates the necessary signal to the actuator  Closed-Loop control Closed-loop control scheme is widely implemented in many of the industrial control applications. It uses the output

Types And Benefits Of Industrial Automations

Types And Benefits Of Industrial Automations Types of Industrial Automations Automation systems are classified into four basic types ,based on the flexibility and level of integration in manufacturing processes. Fixed Automation Programmable Automation Flexible or Soft Automation Integrated Automation Fixed Automation In this sequence of operations to be performed are fixed by the equipment configuration. It is used in high volume production with dedicated equipment. Examples of this automation system assembly process, lines. Are automated distilled machine transfer. Programmable Automation In this, sequence of operations can be changed by changing the program. Sequence of operations is varied based on the different product configurations. Also new programs can be entered into the programmable devices for the new products. This type of system is used in batch processes, steel rolling mills, industrial robots, etc. Flexible or Soft Automation This automation system provides the automati

Different Types Of Industries

Different Types Of Industries Primary industries (Row material suppling) Primary industries are those that harvest or extract raw material from nature, such as agriculture, oil and gas extraction, logging and forestry, mining, fishing, and trapping. The primary industry examples include mining, fishing, mountain engineering industries. Secondary industries (Manufacturing industry) Secondary industry is defined as the industry that deals with the raw materials effectively collected by the primary industry so that they can convert them into finished products. These finished goods are in turn sold by Tertiary industries in the consumer market. The secondary industry involves secondary processing of industrial food manufacturing, raw materials, textile producing and industry. They also include the construction industry and the assembly of component parts made by other secondary industries, e.g. car assembly. he major examples of secondary industry are the plastic industry, the food industr

Need of automated industry

Need of automated industry Automation in the industrial workplace provides the advantages of improving productivity and quality while reducing errors and waste, increasing safety, and adding flexibility to the manufacturing process. Industrial automation yields increased safety, reliability, and profitability. These systems make automation possible for factories and industrial processes, allowing a continuous mass production 24/7. 24 hours a day, seven days a week, which improves productivity and reduces assembly times By means of adaptive control and monitoring in different stages and industrial processes, these systems are useful in eliminating human error and thus improve the quality and homogeneity of the products offered. The performance is not reduced after several hours of continuous work Improved worker safety Automated cells remove workers from dangerous tasks. Your employees will thank you for safeguarding them against the hazards of a factory environment. Increased productio

Industrial Automation Tools

Industrial Automation Tools Industrial Automation Tools are the technologies that control and manage systems and devices. Moreover, these tools reduce the possibility of human errors, decrease costs, save time, etc.  Different types of automation tools used in industry DCS :  Monitoring networks PLC : Multiple input and output arrangement SCADA : Find new ways to operate faster HMI : Helps to Control industrial automation equipment ANN : Responsible in processing information Robotics DCS DCS stands for Distributed Control System. Distributed Control System is one of the most popular industrial automation tools. It also caters to multiple processes in the manufacturing industry. Moreover, it contains one or more controller components distributed in the system. PLC PLC stands for Programmable Logic Controller. A Programmable Logic Controller or PLC is a robust digital industrial computer control system. It is preprogrammed to execute automatic operations in the manufacturing process.

Basic Control Strategies Used in Industrial Control System

Basic Control Strategies Used in Industrial Control System How well the process parameters are controlled depends on the control strategy implemented for that process. Basic control strategies used in most of the industries are ON – OFF Control Open-Loop Control Feed- Forward Control Closed-Loop control ON – OFF Control It is also called as two- position control system that has only two states fully on and fully off. It is the oldest type of control strategy that gives simple on- off mechanism for the set limits. When the process variable (PV) or measurement is below the set limit, then the controller is switched ON and the manipulated variable (MV) changes to maximum value. Similarly, if the PV is above the set limit, then the controller gets turned OFF and the MV changes to minimum value. Open-Loop Control In this control structure, control action is not a function of process variable or any load changes. This is also not a self-correcting one. This control scheme independently calcu

Automation pyramid

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Automation pyramid Levels of Automation Pyramid Level 0:   Field Level/Production Process Level 1:  Control Level/Sensing and Manipulation Level 2:  Supervisory Level/Monitoring and supervising Level 3:  Planning Level/Operations Management Level 4:  Enterprise Level(Business Planning and Logistics) Level 5:  Cloud Level 0: Field Level/Production Process This level has devices, actuators, and sensors that are found in the field or on the production floor. The field level is the production floor where physical work and monitoring happens. Electric motors, hydraulic and pneumatic actuators to move  machinery, proximity switches to detect movement of certain materials,  photoelectric switches that detect similar things are some examples at the field  level. Level 1: Control Level/Sensing and Manipulation PLC’s and PID’s operate at this level. At this level, you control and manipulate the devices in the field level that actually do the physical work. Level 2: Supervisory Level/Monitoring a

OPC for Process control

OPC for Process control  OPC (Object Linking & Embedding for Process Control) is the world’s most popular standards-based data-connectivitymethod. OPC is the software interface standard that allows windows programs to communicate with the industrial hardware devices. The OPC server is the software program that converts the hardware communication protocol used by PLC into OPC protocol. The OPC is an industry standard set up by OPC foundation specifying the software interface to a server that collects data produced by field devices and PLC.

Benefits of fieldbus

Benefits of fieldbus Reduced Cabling Simple Configuration Less maintenance Reliability Flexibility High speed Interoperability with other field bus device Advanced diagnostics Reduce wiring Two way communication

Types of industries

Types of industries Agriculture industry Food industry Pharmaceutical industry Aerospace industry Transport Industry Construction industry Computer industry Education industry Energy industry Agriculture industry The agriculture industry is one of the oldest types of business industry. Agriculture industry consists of cultivating land, plants and breeding animals to produce foods and other survival things. This industry is an integral part of every country’s economy. The modernization in the agriculture industry took place in the late 20th century, which is known as “Green Revolution”. Food industry Food Industry comprises processing, preservation, conversion, and preservation of eatable items. The raw material for the food industry is obtained from the agriculture industry. Therefore, the food industry is dependent on the agriculture industry. Pharmaceutical industry The pharmaceutical company is a licensed firm to research, discover, develop, market and sell the drugs. It is an impor