Juice Extraction Plant  The generalized flow chart for preparing fruit juice  Sugar Cane juice extraction plant  Juice Extraction process Heavily grooved crusher rollers break the cane & extract a large part of juice. Revolving knifes cuts the stalk into chips are supplementary to the crusher. The pressing process involves crushing the stalks between the heavy & grooved metal rollers to separate the bagasse. As the cane is crushed, hot water (or a combination of hot water and recovered impure juice) is sprayed onto the crushed cane counter currently as it leaves each mill for diluting. Extracted juice contains 95% or more of the sucrose present. Clarification of Juice The raw juice is dark opaque liquid containing about 15% sucrose and small quantities of glucose, fructose, vegetable proteins, mineral salts, organic acids, colouring matter, gums and fine particles of bagasse suspended in it. Allowed to remain untreated tor some time, it begins to ferment and the sucrose present

Types of Hygrometer Dry & wet bulb hygrometer. (Psychrometer) Hair hygrometer Sling psychrometer. Chilled mirror dew point hygrometer Dry & wet bulb hygrometer. (Psychrometer) When water or ice covers the bulb of a thermometer (wet-bulb), latent heat is removed from the surface of the bulb as the water evaporates, and the wet-bulb temperature becomes lower than the air (dry-bulb) temperature. At a lower humidity, water evaporates more actively, so that the wet-bulb temperature lowers sharply.  The aspirated psychrometer measures humidity by measuring the difference between the dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature. A psychrometer, or a wet and dry-bulb thermometer, consists of two calibrated thermometers, one that is dry and one that is kept moist with distilled water on a sock or wick. At temperatures above the freezing point of water, evaporation of water from the wick lowers the temperature, such that the wet-bulb thermometer will be at a lower temperature than that

Dry & wet bulb hygrometer. (Psychrometer) When water or ice covers the bulb of a thermometer (wet-bulb), latent heat is removed from the surface of the bulb as the water evaporates, and the wet-bulb temperature becomes lower than the air (dry-bulb) temperature. At a lower humidity, water evaporates more actively, so that the wet-bulb temperature lowers sharply.  The aspirated psychrometer measures humidity by measuring the difference between the dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature. A psychrometer, or a wet and dry-bulb thermometer, consists of two calibrated thermometers, one that is dry and one that is kept moist with distilled water on a sock or wick. At temperatures above the freezing point of water, evaporation of water from the wick lowers the temperature, such that the wet-bulb thermometer will be at a lower temperature than that of the dry-bulb thermometer.  When the air temperature is below freezing, however, the wet-bulb must be covered with a thin coating of ice

Soil water contain Measurement using Time Domain Reflectometry Soil water contain Measurement Soil water content is a measurement of the amount of water in a known amount of soil; it can be expressed as % water by weight or volume of soil, or inches of water per foot of soil. Time Domain Reflectometry A time-domain reflectometer (TDR) is an electronic instrument used to determine the characteristics of electrical lines by observing reflected waveforms. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is an indirect measure of soil water content based on the travel time of a high frequency electromagnetic pulse through the soil; this travel time is used to calculate the permittivity (dielectric constant) of the material.  The TDR probes are inserted directly into the soil for in situ measurement at the desired soil depth. The measurement takes only seconds, and the instrument can be attached to a data logger for ongoing measurements. TDR applied to soil water content determinations is cable radar in whi

Soil Formation And Types Of Soil soil formation  Soil forms continuously, but slowly, from the gradual breakdown of rocks through weathering. Weathering can be a physical, chemical or biological process Physical weathering Breakdown of rocks from the result of a mechanical action. Temperature changes, abrasion (when rocks collide with each other) or frost can all cause rocks to break down. Chemical weathering Breakdown of rocks through a change in their chemical makeup. This can happen when the minerals within rocks react with water, air or other chemicals. Biological weathering The breakdown of rocks by living things. Burrowing animals help water and air get into rock, and plant roots can grow into cracks in the rock, making it split. The accumulation of material through the action of water, wind and gravity also contributes to soil formation. These processes can be very slow, taking many tens of thousands of years. Five main interacting factors affect the formation of soil Parent mat

Permeability Permeability is the property of a material to allow fluids (such as water, water vapor or oil) to diffuse through it to another medium without being chemically or physically affected. Permeability causes deterioration of material longevity and acceleration of the corrosion process. It is defined as the ease with which water flows through the soil. Fine grained materials are less permeable. All organic forms of barrier protection are permeable to some degree, and once the protective coating is penetrated, its corrosion resistance is compromised. When coating deteriorates, its permeability to oxygen or moisture increases, and as a result the corrosion rate increases. Therefore, permeability leads to coating failure. Permeability is a measure of how easy it is for water, air and other substances to enter a material. Concrete contains pores that allow these substances to enter easily. Larger pores allow easier entry, while smaller pores decrease the rate at which these substan

Mechanical Properties of Soil Soil is a granular medium that varies in composition from organic peat to gravel and that may contain various amounts of water. The soil physical system is continually being subjected to external forces and is, therefore, dynamic. These external forces may be environmental (climate, plants, animals, and micro-organisms) or mechanical (forces applied by man using some type of machine). The specific reaction of the soil to these forces is of interest. The forces provide the means for changing soil from one condition into another and the reaction indicates the kind and degree of change. If one is to be able either to maintain a soil condition or to change it to a more suitable condition, he must first have an understanding of soil behavior; this behavior must eventually be properly described. Soil conditions and properties, widely varying types of forces, and widely varying types of behavior must all be included in any description before the description can b

Anemometer   An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction.  An anemometer is an instrument used to measure the speed of the wind, which is a common weather station instrument, or to calculate any form of current gas. The basic classification of anemometers depends on the measurement of the velocity of wind and the measurement of the pressure of the wind. The 5 major types of anemometer are Cup anemometer Hotwire anemometer Windmill anemometer Laser Doppler anemometer Sonic anemometer The anemometer definition is a device used to measure wind speed. Anemometers report wind speed in miles per hour (mph), kilometers per hour (kph), meters per second (m/s), or knots. Anemometers measure wind speed by the amount of wind pressure against a surface, such as a cup or a propeller, or by using sonic pulses. A mechanical anemometer contains a wheel with cups or a propeller at the end of the spokes of the wheel. One of them contains a magnet.  Each time the magnet passes a

Different stages involved in the production for sugar industry. Sugar industry is defined as industry which is involved in the production of  edible sugar from raw sugar cane and sugar beet. Different stages in manufacturing process Planting and harvesting Preparation & Processing Juice extraction process Purification of juice Crystallization Centrifuging Drying and packing Planting and harvesting Sugar cane requires an average temperature of 24 degrees. Black soil is essential. The harvested cane stacks are loaded mechanically or physically    into trucks or tractors & taken to factory for processing. Preparation & Processing After the sugar cane is arrived at sugar factory,it is unloaded physically or mechanically by using cranes. Then it is cleaned or washed. Excessive soil are removed and the cane is ready to be milled.  Juice extraction process Heavily grooved crusher rollers break the cane & extract a large part of juice. Revolving knifes cuts the stalk into chips

Different stages involved in the production for sugar industry. Sugar industry is defined as industry which is involved in the production of  edible sugar from raw sugar cane and sugar beet. Different stages in manufacturing process Planting and harvesting Preparation & Processing Juice extraction process Purification of juice Crystallization Centrifuging Drying and packing Planting and harvesting Sugar cane requires an average temperature of 24 degrees. Black soil is essential. The harvested cane stacks are loaded mechanically or physically    into trucks or tractors & taken to factory for processing. Preparation & Processing After the sugar cane is arrived at sugar factory,it is unloaded physically or mechanically by using cranes. Then it is cleaned or washed. Excessive soil are removed and the cane is ready to be milled.  Juice extraction process Heavily grooved crusher rollers break the cane & extract a large part of juice. Revolving knifes cuts the stalk into chips

Hair Hygrometer Hair hygrometer  Hair hygrometer are called membrane hygrometer when the sensing element is a membrane. Hair hygrometer is a type of absorption hygrometer and uses the mechanical humidity sensing technique. Hair hygrometer is a type of absorption hygrometer, Which works on the principle that, "Change in moisture content causes change in physical and chemical properties of certain materials", Such as, human hair, animal membrane, Wood, Paper etc.. As human hairs are used in this hygrometer, this type is called as hair hygrometer. Construction  Working of hair hygrometer depends upon the physical changes in human hair i.e. tendency to lengthen, when they absorb moisture and shorten, after losing moisture and getting dry. This absorption depends upon temperature and partial water vapor pressure in atmosphere. Due to this, extension or elongation of hairs is a function of relative humidity  fig shows an arrangement, where expansion and contraction of human hair ma

Justify the role of instrumentation and control in Agriculture and food processing Instrumentation and control refer to the analysis, measurement, and control of industrial process variables using process control instruments and software tools such as temperature, pressure, flow, and level sensors, analyzers, electrical and mechanical actuators, Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI), Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) systems, automated control systems and more. Control and instrumentation engineers are in charge of managing instrumentation and control systems at industrial facilities. Typically, a control and instrumentation engineers are responsible for designing, developing, and operating control devices and systems within an industrial facility. Instrumentation for food industry processing equipment helps ensure adherence to these standards by providing solutions for quality monitoring and product consistency. Sensors and temperature control instrumentation are critical for mea

Discuss soil index properties. Various classification system in practice place soils in different categories based on certain properties of soil. The tests carried out in order to classify a soil is termed as classification tests. The numerical results obtained from such tests are termed as Index properties of soil. Index properties are the properties of soil that help in identification and classification of soil. These properties are generally determined in the laboratory. In situ density and relative density require undisturbed sample extraction while other quantities can be determined from disturbed soil sampling.  The index properties of soil can be divided into two categories Soil grain properties Soil aggregate properties Soil grain properties Soil grain properties are those properties which are dependent on the individual grains of the soil and are independent of the manner of soil formation, such as, mineral composition, specific gravity of soil solids, size and shape of the gr

Suggest suitable sensors for measure wind speed. Elaborate any one with suitable diagram An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction.  An anemometer is an instrument used to measure the speed of the wind, which is a common weather station instrument, or to calculate any form of current gas. The basic classification of anemometers depends on the measurement of the velocity of wind and the measurement of the pressure of the wind. The 5 major types of anemometer are: Cup anemometer Hotwire anemometer Windmill anemometer Laser Doppler anemometer Sonic anemometer The anemometer definition is a device used to measure wind speed. Anemometers report wind speed in miles per hour (mph), kilometers per hour (kph), meters per second (m/s), or knots. Anemometers measure wind speed by the amount of wind pressure against a surface, such as a cup or a propeller, or by using sonic pulses. A mechanical anemometer contains a wheel with cups or a propeller at the end of the spoke