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Showing posts with the label Instrumentation

Analytical Instrumentation MCQ

Analytical Instrumentation  MCQ 1. Lambert’s law states that the intensity of light decreases with respect to __________ a) Concentration b) Distance c) Composition d) Volume Answer: Distance 2. Beer’s law states that the intensity of light decreases with respect to ___________ a) Concentration b) Distance c) Composition d) Volume Answer: Concentration 3. Which of the following detectors does not require a battery and is also known as barrier layer cell? a) Photomultiplier tube b) Photovoltaic cell c) Photoemissive tubes d) Photo reflector Answer: Photovoltaic cell 4. Which of the following is not a type of Spectroscopy? a) Gamma ray b) X ray c) Nuclear magnetic resonance d) Sound Answer: Sound 5. How is Tungsten Halogen lamp differs from normal Tungsten filament lamp used in absorption spectroscopy? a) It has a tungsten filament and is filled with inert gas b) Iodine is added to normal filling gas c) Iodine is coated on tungsten filament d) Iodine is added to inert gas Answer: Iodine

P&ID Symbols

P&ID Symbols PC = Pressure Controller PI = Pressure Indicator PR = Pressure Recorder  PIC = Pressure Indicating Controller  PRC = Pressure Recording Controller  PSV = Pressure Safety Valve PT = Pressure Transmitter RV = Relief valve LA = Level Alarm LAH = Level Alarm High LAL = Level Alarm Low LC = Level Controller LG = Level Glass LI = Level Indicator LIC = Level Indicating Controller LRC = Level recording Controller FC = Flow Controller  FE = Flow Element  FA = Flow Alarm FE = Flow Element FI = Flow Indicator FR = Flow Recorder FRC = Flow recorder Controller FIC = Flow Indicator Controller LC = Level Control LG = Level Gauge LA = Level Alarm LAH = Level Alarm High LAHH = Level Alarm High High LI = Level Indicator LIC = Level Indicator Controller TA = Temperature Alarm TI = Temperature Indicator TR = Temperature recorder TRC = Temperature recorder Controller TW = Temperature Well TY = Temperature Relay TW = Thermowell HCV = Hand Control Valve SDV = Shut Down Valve SDY = Shut Down

Variable Frequency Drive

Variable Frequency Drive  Basically, variable frequency drive is also known as AC drive as well as variable speed drive (VSD). And it is commonly used in industry because of its low cost. A VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) is a type of motor control that drives an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. The VFD also has the ability to control the ramp-up and ramp-down of the motor during start or stop respectively. VFD is widely used in industries like food and beverage industry, automotive industry, food industry, chemical industry, textile industry, paper industry, wood industry, metal industry. Applications of Variable Frequency Drives   VFDs are used for different types of machines like Boring / Cutting Machine Grinder  Crunchers Mixer  Conveyors  Wind tunnels  Pump  Fans 

Instruments

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Instruments Basically an instrument is a man made device which is used to measure a parameter of a physical variable. And it is variable analog as well as digital or a combination of digital and analog. Generally most industrial instrument is digital because digital instrument has more advantages compared to analog instrument . But in most cases the front end instrument is still analog and most signals from sensors or transducers are analog . Most sensors have the form of a chip and this smart sensor is directly connected or digital devices. The most basic and elementary components in all devices are sensors and transducers. Basically these outputs are current, voltage and power or amplitude, frequency or phase difference of energy. And all devices operate on signals. A signal is detected by a sensor from physical phenomena. The difference between analog and digital instruments is signal processing, and it requires different theoretical approaches and hardware. You may also like this:

Measurement and Instrumentation Questions and Answers

Measurement and Instrumentation Questions and Answers  1. For measurement of low resistances, Kelvin's double bridge has high accuracy because: a. It has two sets of ratio arms which eliminate the effects resistance of connecting lead b. It has a galvanometer indicating zero c. It has two null pointers d. It has four sets of ratio arms that eliminate effect of resistance of connecting lead Answer: It has two sets of ratio arms which eliminate the effects resistance of connecting lead 2. Swamp resistance is a built-up resistance_____________ a. An alloy of Manganese and Copper b. An alloy of aluminum and copper c. Alloys of nickel and cobalt d. Alloys of Manganese and Aluminum Answer: An alloy of Manganese and Copper 3. A meter of swamping resistance in a moving coil added in ______ a. Minimize frequency error b. Reduce temperature error c. Reduce electricity consumption d. All of these Answer: Reduce temperature error 4. Frequency error in induction devices can be compensated by us

What are flange pipe fittings?

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What are flange pipe fittings? A flange pipe fitting is a fitting used to connect valves, pumps and other piping system equipment, basically these fittings are connected with the help of nuts and bolts. And flange joints are compressed by inserting donut-shaped gaskets before the bolts are tightened. A flange is an external or internal part used to connect pipes, valves and other equipment or to connect a piping system. Flange joints are mainly used on equipment joints like pipes, valves where frequent maintenance is required. A flange is a reinforcement or connection to another object, such as a flange at the end of a pipe, and flanges are used when joints need to be separated. Flange A flange is basically a metal ring that connects to a pipe or valve and other system. And usually this flange is attached to the end of the pipe and this flange has some holes to connect another flange using nut and bolt. The flange joints are pressure tightened by inserting donut-shaped gaskets before t

Instrument identification tag

Instrument identification tag AIT:  Analytical Indicator Transmitter (eg oxygen concentration analyzer with built-in display of oxygen percentage) ESL : Voltage switch, low (a switch used to detect under-voltage conditions in an electrical power system) FFI : Flow Ratio Indicator (a device that indicates the ratio between air and fuel for large industrial engines) FIC:  Flow Indicating Controller (and is a controller designed to indicate flow to a human operator) HC:  Hand controller (and is a device that allows a human operator to set a control signal to some desired level, usually to operate a valve or other final control element) JQR: Power totalizing recorder (eg watt-hour recorder, tracking total energy used) LSHH: level switch, high-high (for example, a level-sensing switch designed to detect dangerously high liquid levels and initiate an automatic shutdown in that event) LT: Level Transmitter (and is a device that detects liquid level and reports that level in some analog or dig

What is a recorder?

What is a recorder? Recorder Basically the recorder is a common auxiliary device and is used to graph the process variable. Recorders usually have indicators built into them to show the instantaneous value of the instrument signal along with historical values, and for this reason are commonly designated recorder indicators. Circular chart recorder A circular chart recorder uses a round sheet of paper, moving slowly under the pen and moving sideways by a servomechanism driven by an instrument signal. Bar chart recorder A strip chart recorder uses a scroll of paper drawn gently behind one or more side-moving pens, while a paperless recorder eliminates paper entirely by plotting graphic trend lines on a computer screen. Recorders are extremely useful for troubleshooting process control problems. This is especially true when the recorder is configured to record not only the process variable but also the setpoint and output variables of the controller.

What is Indicator and its Example

What is Indicator and its Example Indicator Essentially an indicator is a common auxiliary device and is used to provide a human readable indication of an instrument signal. And an inductor is basically a distance amplifier. Inductors are used to accurately measure small distances or angles. The indicator gives the human operator a convenient way to see what the output of the transmitter is without connecting test equipment. Furthermore, the indicators can be located away from their respective transmitters, providing a readout at a location more convenient than the location of the transmitter. Indicators are a measuring tool so they are used to indicate. And to understand what the data on the indicators actually shows, some basic understanding of elementary statistics is required. Also the ability to understand the data will help you adjust, challenge or change the indicators being used. A good indicator is a measure of an excellent system. Indicative Example Temperature Indicator The

Introduction to Industrial Measurement

Introduction to Industrial Measurement Various types of control systems and instruments are used in industry to complete the process and basically to measure and calibrate the process. Simple industrial measurements are fluid pressure, fluid flow, system or object temperature, environmental temperature, fluid volume, chemical concentration, system acceleration, device speed or position, object physical diameter and device voltage, current, resistance, etc. Fluid Pressure Measurement: This parameter measures the pressure of a fluid or object using various types of devices or sensors. And there are two types of this measurement manual measurement and automatic measurement. A common automatic gauge is used to measure fluid pressure and a differential pressure sensor is used in this measurement. Fluid Flow Rate: The this parameter measures the fluid flow throughout a pipe or object, and the this measurement uses a variety of sensors to measure fluid flow. And generally measure this parame

Some General Instrumentation Terms and Measurements

Some General Instrumentation Terms and Measurements Process The physical system we are trying to control or measure. Examples: water filtration system, molten metal casting system, steam boiler, oil refining unit, power generation unit. Process variable, or PV A specific quantity we measure in a process. Examples: pressure , level , temperature , current , electrical conductivity, pH, position, motion, vibration . Setpoint, or SP The value at which we want the process variable to be maintained. and is also known as the target value of the process variable. Primary Sensing Element, or PSE A device that directly senses a process variable and translates that sensed quantity into an analog representation (electrical voltage, current, resistance; mechanical force, velocity, etc.). Examples: thermocouple, thermistor, Borden tube, microphone, potentiometer, electrochemical cell, accelerometer. Transducer A device that converts one standardized signal to another standardized instrumentation si