What is Indicator and its Example Indicator Essentially an indicator is a common auxiliary device and is used to provide a human readable indication of an instrument signal. And an inductor is basically a distance amplifier. Inductors are used to accurately measure small distances or angles. The indicator gives the human operator a convenient way to see what the output of the transmitter is without connecting test equipment. Furthermore, the indicators can be located away from their respective transmitters, providing a readout at a location more convenient than the location of the transmitter. Indicators are a measuring tool so they are used to indicate. And to understand what the data on the indicators actually shows, some basic understanding of elementary statistics is required. Also the ability to understand the data will help you adjust, challenge or change the indicators being used. A good indicator is a measure of an excellent system. Indicative Example Temperature Indicator The

What is Ohm's Law and where is it used? Ohm's law states the relationship between current and potential difference. And basically states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, if all physical conditions and temperature remain constant. and represent mathematically as V=IR. Where V is the voltage across the conductor, I is the current flowing through the conductor and R is the resistance offered by the conductor to the flow of current. And Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage between the two points.  Ohm's law is used to quantify the static values of circuit components such as current levels, supply voltages and voltage drops.

Current Current is the flow of electrical charge carriers, and usually current is the flow of electrons. Current flows from positive to negative. Current is measured by the number of electrons passing through the cross-section of a conductor in one second, and the common symbol for current is I. Also the standard unit is the ampere, symbolized by A. An electric current always creates a magnetic field and the stronger the current, the stronger the magnetic field. And there are two types of current namely AC current and DC current. 1. AC Current  AC current is also called alternating current, this current flows first in one direction and then in the other direction and this stream flows frequently. 2. DC Current  DC current is also called direct current, this current always flows in the same direction. Current Density Current density per unit cross-sectional area is known and is expressed in amperes per square meter, amperes per square centimeter or per square millimeter. Also current de

Electric Charge What is the charge? Charge is the quantity of electricity or current and is measured in coulombs. Basically charges are of positive and negative types and positive and negative charges attract each other. And that creates an electric field. Charge can be stored and is basically stored in a battery or capacitor. Generally charge carries protons and electrons and basically negative charge carries electrons and positive charge carries protons. Instead of creating a magnetic field or an electric field, an electric charge moves. The unit of charge is the coulomb, and the coulomb is the charge passing through a cross section of an electric conductor carrying one ampere per second. What is electric charge? Basically electric charge is the flow of electrons and protons. And an electric charge carries a current of one ampere per second.

Characteristics of Dryer The requirements and characteristics of any industrial dryer control system are 4 Accuracy Stability Speed of response Robustness Accuracy:  The exit product moisture content must be close to the desired value. Stability:  The system must not oscillate; otherwise, large fluctuations in output moisture content would occur. Speed of response:  Any disturbances (e.g., changes in input moisture content) should be quickly offset by the controller in order to provide acceptable upset recovery time and system stability. Robustness:  The control system should be able to operate successfully over a wide range of process conditions.

Objectives of Dryers   The basic objectives of a dryer control system are  Maintenance Maximization Avoidance  Reduction  Suppression  Stable  Optimization Maintenance : Maintenance of desired dried product quality, irrespective of disturbances in the drying operation and variations in feed supply Maximization : Maximization of throughput at optimal energy efficiency and minimum cost. Avoidance : Avoidance of over drying and under drying; under drying may result in spoilage, in the case of grains and foodstuffs, whereas over drying of the product results in increased energy costs and reduced yields as the price of some products is based on a specific moisture content; it may also cause thermal damage to heat-sensitive products  Reduction : Reduction of fire hazard, defective product, and particle emission Suppression : Suppression of the influence of external disturbances Stable : Stable drying process Optimization : Optimization of the performance of the drying process

Different stages involved in the production for sugar industry. Sugar industry is defined as industry which is involved in the production of  edible sugar from raw sugar cane and sugar beet. Different stages in manufacturing process Planting and harvesting Preparation & Processing Juice extraction process Purification of juice Crystallization Centrifuging Drying and packing Planting and harvesting Sugar cane requires an average temperature of 24 degrees. Black soil is essential. The harvested cane stacks are loaded mechanically or physically    into trucks or tractors & taken to factory for processing. Preparation & Processing After the sugar cane is arrived at sugar factory,it is unloaded physically or mechanically by using cranes. Then it is cleaned or washed. Excessive soil are removed and the cane is ready to be milled.  Juice extraction process Heavily grooved crusher rollers break the cane & extract a large part of juice. Revolving knifes cuts the stalk into chips

Hair Hygrometer Hair hygrometer  Hair hygrometer are called membrane hygrometer when the sensing element is a membrane. Hair hygrometer is a type of absorption hygrometer and uses the mechanical humidity sensing technique. Hair hygrometer is a type of absorption hygrometer, Which works on the principle that, "Change in moisture content causes change in physical and chemical properties of certain materials", Such as, human hair, animal membrane, Wood, Paper etc.. As human hairs are used in this hygrometer, this type is called as hair hygrometer. Construction  Working of hair hygrometer depends upon the physical changes in human hair i.e. tendency to lengthen, when they absorb moisture and shorten, after losing moisture and getting dry. This absorption depends upon temperature and partial water vapor pressure in atmosphere. Due to this, extension or elongation of hairs is a function of relative humidity  fig shows an arrangement, where expansion and contraction of human hair ma

Justify the role of instrumentation and control in Agriculture and food processing Instrumentation and control refer to the analysis, measurement, and control of industrial process variables using process control instruments and software tools such as temperature, pressure, flow, and level sensors, analyzers, electrical and mechanical actuators, Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI), Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) systems, automated control systems and more. Control and instrumentation engineers are in charge of managing instrumentation and control systems at industrial facilities. Typically, a control and instrumentation engineers are responsible for designing, developing, and operating control devices and systems within an industrial facility. Instrumentation for food industry processing equipment helps ensure adherence to these standards by providing solutions for quality monitoring and product consistency. Sensors and temperature control instrumentation are critical for mea

Discuss soil index properties. Various classification system in practice place soils in different categories based on certain properties of soil. The tests carried out in order to classify a soil is termed as classification tests. The numerical results obtained from such tests are termed as Index properties of soil. Index properties are the properties of soil that help in identification and classification of soil. These properties are generally determined in the laboratory. In situ density and relative density require undisturbed sample extraction while other quantities can be determined from disturbed soil sampling.  The index properties of soil can be divided into two categories Soil grain properties Soil aggregate properties Soil grain properties Soil grain properties are those properties which are dependent on the individual grains of the soil and are independent of the manner of soil formation, such as, mineral composition, specific gravity of soil solids, size and shape of the gr

Suggest suitable sensors for measure wind speed. Elaborate any one with suitable diagram An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed and direction.  An anemometer is an instrument used to measure the speed of the wind, which is a common weather station instrument, or to calculate any form of current gas. The basic classification of anemometers depends on the measurement of the velocity of wind and the measurement of the pressure of the wind. The 5 major types of anemometer are: Cup anemometer Hotwire anemometer Windmill anemometer Laser Doppler anemometer Sonic anemometer The anemometer definition is a device used to measure wind speed. Anemometers report wind speed in miles per hour (mph), kilometers per hour (kph), meters per second (m/s), or knots. Anemometers measure wind speed by the amount of wind pressure against a surface, such as a cup or a propeller, or by using sonic pulses. A mechanical anemometer contains a wheel with cups or a propeller at the end of the spoke

Intelligent building system Intelligent building system it is also known as smart buildings It is a type of building that used both technology and Process to create an environment that is safe, healthy and comfortable to every one  Intelligent building management systems (IBMS) are used to manage the technology involved in modern buildings.  Building management systems are enhanced with the internet and related IT infrastructure to create IBMS. All the management systems installed in a building are integrated in the IBMS via an Internet protocol (IP) network.  A single front-end interface is provided in the IBMS through which all the subsystems are managed. On the basis of product the IBMS market is divided into:  communication protocols,  general lighting controls,  security and access controls (to be more specific security systems include CCTV, fire alarm systems, public addressable systems and so on),  standards and data distribution,  heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)

OPC for Process control  OPC (Object Linking & Embedding for Process Control) is the world’s most popular standards-based data-connectivitymethod. OPC is the software interface standard that allows windows programs to communicate with the industrial hardware devices. The OPC server is the software program that converts the hardware communication protocol used by PLC into OPC protocol. The OPC is an industry standard set up by OPC foundation specifying the software interface to a server that collects data produced by field devices and PLC.

Benefits of fieldbus Reduced Cabling Simple Configuration Less maintenance Reliability Flexibility High speed Interoperability with other field bus device Advanced diagnostics Reduce wiring Two way communication

Types of industries Agriculture industry Food industry Pharmaceutical industry Aerospace industry Transport Industry Construction industry Computer industry Education industry Energy industry Agriculture industry The agriculture industry is one of the oldest types of business industry. Agriculture industry consists of cultivating land, plants and breeding animals to produce foods and other survival things. This industry is an integral part of every country’s economy. The modernization in the agriculture industry took place in the late 20th century, which is known as “Green Revolution”. Food industry Food Industry comprises processing, preservation, conversion, and preservation of eatable items. The raw material for the food industry is obtained from the agriculture industry. Therefore, the food industry is dependent on the agriculture industry. Pharmaceutical industry The pharmaceutical company is a licensed firm to research, discover, develop, market and sell the drugs. It is an impor

Safety Interlocks in Boilers Many of the intrelocks related to the start-up, shutdown, and operation of a boiler are implemented for the purposes of protecting personnel and equipment. Thay can be classified as either burner management to cumbustion control. Safety interlocks in boilers Public interlocks Low air flow interlocks or fan interlocks  Low fuel supply interlocks  Loss flame interlocks  fan interlocks  Low water interlocks  High combustibles interlock  Public interlock Prevents fuel from being admitted to an unfired furnace until the furnace has been throughly air purged Low air flow interlocks or fan interlock Fuel is shut off upon loss of air flow or combustion air fan and blower Low fuel supply interlock Fuel is shut off upon loss of fuel supply that would otherwise result is unstable flame conditions. Loss flame interlock All fuel is shut off upon loss of flame in the furnace, or fuel to an individual burner is shut off upon loss of flame to the burner  fan interlock Stop

Diverter valve Diverting valves are quite expensive and some types of 3-port valves can suffer from hammering in a diverting application. control strategy for heat exchanger using diverter valve If the process medium temperature is high, the TIC with respect to the measurement TIT opens the three way control valve, so that the flow rate of process medium through cooler is increased and flow rate of process medium through by-pass is decreased. So the temperature of process fluid is decreased, because more fluid is flowed through the cooler. 

Justify the importance of three way balancing valve in heat exchanger control. The role of balancing valves are to control the flow rates in each of the buildings branches to deliver the desired flows in low temperature, chilled, or hot water applications.  At each heat exchanger the balancing valve is set to provide the desired flow rate to maintain comfort and energy. Water velocity noise is not caused by water but by free air, sharp pressure drops, turbulence, or a combination of these, which in turn cause cavitation or flashing of water into steam.”  When comparing the location of installing Mesurflo valves, the one on return side will help in reducing the amount of free air in the coils and hence decrease the potential for noise. Another benefit being thappt you want to balance after the friction loss of the coil not before the loss.

Role of Automation in Industries Manufacturing processes, basically, produce finished product from raw/unfinished material using energy, manpower and equipment and infrastructure. Since an industry is essentially a “systematic economic activity”, the fundamental objective of any industry is to make profit. Profit = (Price/unit – Cost/unit) x Production Volume So profit can be maximized by producing good quality products, which may sell at higher price, in larger volumes with less production cost and time.

Industrial Automation Automation is a technique that can be used to reduce costs and/or to improve quality. Automation can increase manufacturing speed, while reducing cost. Automation can lead to products having consistent quality, perhaps even consistently good quality. Automation is a technology concerned with application of mechanical, electronic and computer-based system to operate and control system. This technology includes; Automatic assembly machines, Automation machine tools to process parts, Industrial robots, Automatic materials handling and storage system, Automatic inspection system and quality control, Feedback control and computer process control, Computer system for planning, data collection and decision making to support manufacturing activities Examples: Automatic assembly machines Automation machine tools to process parts Industrial robots Automatic materials handling and storage system Automatic inspection system and quality control Feedback control and computer pr