Flame Sensor Project

  Time Programmed Sun Tracking Solar Panel Time Programmed Sun Tracking Solar Panel project uses an 8051 family microcontroller and the motor is motivated by an interfacing an integrated circuit as the microcontroller is not capable of controlling the requirements of the power of the motor. Furthermore, this project can be developed by using a real-time clock to track the sun. This helps in keeping the necessary position of the solar panel even if the power is disturbed for some time Time Programmed Sun Tracking Solar Panel project uses a solar panel which is fixed to a stepper motor to track the sun so that full sunlight is made incident upon the solar panel at any time of the day. This is best compared to the light detecting method that may not always be correct. The solar panel is used to convert solar energy to electrical energy is very famous, but due to the moving of the sun from east to west, the solar panel may not be able to produce ideal energy. To overcome this problem, this

  LDR Based light Intensity Control for Street Lights In the system, generally the lighting up of highways is done through High-intensity discharge lamps. Because, the energy consumption of these lamps is high. This project uses an LEDs to overcome the drawbacks of High-intensity discharge lamps. This project demonstrates the usage of light emitting diodes as a light source. These lights consumes low power and its life is more as compared to High-intensity discharge lamps.A light depending resistor is used to detect the light. The resistance of the LDR drastically reduces according to the daylight. A bunch of LEDs are used to make a street light. The microcontroller comprises programmable instructions that controls the light intensity based on the Pulse width modulation signals generated. The light intensity is kept high during the peak hours, and as the traffic on the highways tend to decrease in late nights: and the light intensity also decreases till morning. Finally, the street lig

  Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)  What is a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) ? A Light Dependent Resistor is also known as a photoresistor or LDR. Light Dependent Resistor are also called as photoconductors, photoconductive cells or simply photocells. Light Dependent Resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, Light Dependent Resistor are light-sensitive devices.  They are made up of semiconductor materials that have high resistance. There are many different symbols used to indicate a photoresistor or LDR, one of the most commonly used symbol is shown in the figure. The arrow indicates light falling on it.

  Low cost LDR sensor project without using Arduino  

  DP cell Impact  of Operating Environment   All of the sensors described in this module are widely used in control and instrumentation systems throughout the power station. Their existence will not normally be evident because the physical construction will be enclosed inside manufacturers packaging. However, each is highly accurate when used to measure the right quantity and within the rating of the device. The constraints are not limited to operating.pressure. Other factors include temperature, vapour content and vibration.  Vibration   The effect of vibration is obvious in the inconsistency of measurements, but the more dangerous result is the stress on the sensitive membranes, diaphragms and linkages that can cause the sensor to fail. Vibration can come from many sources. Some of the most common are the low level constant vibration of an unbalanced pump impeller and the larger effects of steam hammer. External vibration (loose support brackets and insecure mounting) can have the sa

  Light Emitting Diode A light releasing diode is an electric component that emits light when the electric current flows through it. It is a light source based on semiconductors. When current passes through the LED, the electrons recombine with holes emitting light in the process. It is a specific type of diode having similar characteristics as the p-n junction diode. This means that an LED allows the flow of current in its forward direction while it blocks the flow in the reverse direction. Light-emitting diodes are built using a weak layer of heavily doped semiconductor material. Based on the semiconductor material used and the amount of doping, an LED will emit a colored light at a particular spectral wavelength when forward biased. Working of Light Emitting Diode The holes lie in the valence band, while the free electrons are in the conduction band. When there is a forward bias in the p-n junction, the electron which is a part of the n-type semiconductor material would overrun the

  Humidity, Soil Moisture & Rain Sensor   Humidity Sensor A humidity sensor is an electronic device that measures the humidity in its environment and converts its findings into a corresponding electrical signal.Relative humidity is calculated by comparing the live humidity reading at a given temperature to the maximum amount of humidity for air at the same temperature.  Introduction  Humidity Sensors are the low cost-sensitive electronic devices used to measure the humidity of the air. These are also known as Hygrometers. Humidity can be measured as Relative humidity, Absolute humidity, and Specific humidity. Based on the type of humidity measured by sensor, these are classified as Relative Humidity sensor and Absolute Humidity sensor. Based on the parameters used to measure humidity, these sensors are also classified as Capacitive Humidity Sensor, Resistive Humidity Sensor, and Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensor. Some of the parameters to consider while choosing these sensors a

  Rain Sensor What is a Rain Sensor? A rain sensor is one kind of switching device which is used to detect the rainfall. It works like a switch and the working principle of this sensor is, whenever there is rain, the switch will be normally closed. Rain Sensor Module The rain sensor module/board is shown below. Basically, this board includes nickel coated lines and it works on the resistance principle. This sensor module permits to gauge moisture through analog output pins & it gives a digital output while moisture threshold surpasses.  This module is similar to the LM393 IC because it includes the electronic module as well as a PCB. Here PCB is used to collect the raindrops. When the rain falls on the board, then it creates a parallel resistance path to calculate through the operational amplifier. This sensor is a resistive dipole, and based on the moisture only it shows the resistance. For example, it shows more resistance when it is dry and shows less resistance when it is wet.

  Soil Moisture Sensor What is a Soil Moisture Sensor? The soil moisture sensor is one kind of sensor used to gauge the volumetric content of water within the soil. As the straight gravimetric dimension of soil moisture needs eliminating, drying, as well as sample weighting. These sensors measure the volumetric water content not directly with the help of some other rules of soil like dielectric constant, electrical resistance, otherwise interaction with neutrons, and replacement of the moisture content. The relation among the calculated property as well as moisture of soil should be adjusted & may change based on ecological factors like temperature, type of soil, otherwise electric conductivity. The microwave emission which is reflected can be influenced by the moisture of soil as well as mainly used in agriculture and remote sensing within hydrology. These sensors normally used to check volumetric water content, and another group of sensors calculates a new property of moisture wi

  Humidity Sensor A humidity sensor is an electronic device that measures the humidity in its environment and converts its findings into a corresponding electrical signal.Relative humidity is calculated by comparing the live humidity reading at a given temperature to the maximum amount of humidity for air at the same temperature.  Introduction  Humidity Sensors are the low cost-sensitive electronic devices used to measure the humidity of the air. These are also known as Hygrometers. Humidity can be measured as Relative humidity, Absolute humidity, and Specific humidity. Based on the type of humidity measured by sensor, these are classified as Relative Humidity sensor and Absolute Humidity sensor. Based on the parameters used to measure humidity, these sensors are also classified as Capacitive Humidity Sensor, Resistive Humidity Sensor, and Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensor. Some of the parameters to consider while choosing these sensors are the Accuracy, Linearity, Reliability, Repe

  MQ-135 Gas Sensor The MQ-135 gas sensor senses gases like ammonia nitrogen, oxygen, alcohols, aromatic compounds, sulfide, and smoke. The boost converter of the chip MQ-3 gas sensor is PT1301. The operating voltage of this gas sensor is from 2.5V to 5.0V. The MQ-3 gas sensor has a lower conductivity to clean the air as a gas sensing material. In the atmosphere, we can find polluting gases, but the conductivity of the gas sensor increases as the concentration of polluting gas increases. MQ-135 gas sensor can be implemented to detect the smoke, benzene, steam, and other harmful gases. It has the potential to detect different harmful gases. The MQ-135 gas sensor is a low cost to purchase. The basic image of the MQ-135 sensor is shown in the below figure. Basic Pin Configuration Of Alcohol Sensor The MQ-3 alcohol gas sensor consists of a total 6-pins including A, H, B, and the other three pins are A, H, B out of the total 6-pins we use only 4 pins. The two pins A, H are used for the heat

  Alcohol Sensor What is an Alcohol Sensor? An alcohol sensor detects the attentiveness of alcohol gas in the air and an analog voltage is an output reading. The sensor can activate at temperatures ranging from -10 to 50° C with a power supply is less than 150 Ma to 5V. The sensing range is from 0.04 mg/L to 4 mg/L, which is suitable for breathalyzers. MQ3 Alcohol Sensor MQ3 is one of the most commonly used sensors in the MQ sensor series. It is a Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) type of sensor. Metal oxide sensors are also known as Chemiresistors, because sensing is based on the change of resistance of the sensing material when exposed to alcohol. So by placing it in a simple voltage divider network, alcohol concentrations can be detected. MQ3 alcohol sensor works on 5V DC and draws around 800mW. It can detect Alcohol concentrations anywhere from 25 to 500 ppm. Complete Specifications Operating voltage : 5V Load resistance : 200 KΩ  Heater resistance : 33Ω ± 5% Heating consumption : &l

  Smoke Detector A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Smoke detector consists of two parts: A sensor to sense the smoke Electronic horn to horn the people Two basic types of smoke detectors are used today: ionization and photoelectric. The sensing chambers of these detectors use different principles of operation to sense the visible or invisible particles of combustion given off in developing fires. Types Of Smoke Detector Ionization Smoke Detector Photoelectric Smoke Detector Ionization Smoke Detector The ionization smoke detector is widely used. Its capability to detect smoke originating from fire is best utilized for clean-burning fires that produce small particles during combustion. The ionization smoke detector consists of an alpha particle producing a radioactive source (americium-241), a smoke chamber, and charged detector plates. The alpha source causes the air within the smoke chamber to become ionized and conductive As smoke parti

  Gas Sensor The chemical sensor device which comprises a transducer and active layer to convert chemical information into any other form of electronic signal such as frequency change, voltage or current change is known as gas sensor. What is a Gas Sensor? Gas sensors (also known as gas detectors ) are electronic devices that detect and identify different types of gasses. They are commonly used to detect toxic or explosive gasses and measure gas concentration. Gas sensors are employed in factories and manufacturing facilities to identify gas leaks, and to detect smoke and carbon monoxide in homes. Gas sensors vary widely in size (portable and fixed), range, and sensing ability. They are often part of a larger embedded system, such as hazmat and security systems, and they are normally connected to an audible alarm or interface. Because gas sensors are constantly interacting with air and other gasses, they have to be calibrated more often than many other types of sensors.  Depending on t