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Some General Instrumentation Terms and Measurements

Some General Instrumentation Terms and Measurements Process The physical system we are trying to control or measure. Examples: water filtration system, molten metal casting system, steam boiler, oil refining unit, power generation unit. Process variable, or PV A specific quantity we measure in a process. Examples: pressure , level , temperature , current , electrical conductivity, pH, position, motion, vibration . Setpoint, or SP The value at which we want the process variable to be maintained. and is also known as the target value of the process variable. Primary Sensing Element, or PSE A device that directly senses a process variable and translates that sensed quantity into an analog representation (electrical voltage, current, resistance; mechanical force, velocity, etc.). Examples: thermocouple, thermistor, Borden tube, microphone, potentiometer, electrochemical cell, accelerometer. Transducer A device that converts one standardized signal to another standardized instrumentation si

What is Ohm's Law and where is it used?

What is Ohm's Law and where is it used? Ohm's law states the relationship between current and potential difference. And basically states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, if all physical conditions and temperature remain constant. and represent mathematically as V=IR. Where V is the voltage across the conductor, I is the current flowing through the conductor and R is the resistance offered by the conductor to the flow of current. And Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage between the two points.  Ohm's law is used to quantify the static values of circuit components such as current levels, supply voltages and voltage drops.

What is current and its types

Current Current is the flow of electrical charge carriers, and usually current is the flow of electrons. Current flows from positive to negative. Current is measured by the number of electrons passing through the cross-section of a conductor in one second, and the common symbol for current is I. Also the standard unit is the ampere, symbolized by A. An electric current always creates a magnetic field and the stronger the current, the stronger the magnetic field. And there are two types of current namely AC current and DC current. 1. AC Current  AC current is also called alternating current, this current flows first in one direction and then in the other direction and this stream flows frequently. 2. DC Current  DC current is also called direct current, this current always flows in the same direction. Current Density Current density per unit cross-sectional area is known and is expressed in amperes per square meter, amperes per square centimeter or per square millimeter. Also current de

Electric Charge

Electric Charge What is the charge? Charge is the quantity of electricity or current and is measured in coulombs. Basically charges are of positive and negative types and positive and negative charges attract each other. And that creates an electric field. Charge can be stored and is basically stored in a battery or capacitor. Generally charge carries protons and electrons and basically negative charge carries electrons and positive charge carries protons. Instead of creating a magnetic field or an electric field, an electric charge moves. The unit of charge is the coulomb, and the coulomb is the charge passing through a cross section of an electric conductor carrying one ampere per second. What is electric charge? Basically electric charge is the flow of electrons and protons. And an electric charge carries a current of one ampere per second.

Analog Signal VS Digital Signal

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Analog Signal VS Digital Signal Signal A signal is basically the transmission of information from one side to another and this information is electrical form. And signal is a way of communication and represents information or data. A signal is the carrying of information through an electromagnetic wave. Basically signal is the conversion of data into electromagnetic signal and this signal is analog or digital. And based on this format the signals are divided into two categories. And this type is analog signal and digital signal. A signal is an electrical current and is used to carry data from one system to another. Analog Signal An analog signal is a continuous signal and an analog signal represents the equivalent of another quantity. Basically an analog signal is a continuous electrical signal. Analog signals are used to carry information. Basically this signal is represented by a sine wave and this signal has a continuous range of values. Generally analog signals are used only in ana

Analog signal

Analog Signal An analog signal is a continuous signal and an analog signal represents the equivalent of another quantity. Basically an analog signal is a continuous electrical signal. Analog signals are used to carry information. Basically this signal is represented by a sine wave and this signal has a continuous range of values. Generally analog signals are used only in analog devices. Examples of analog signals are natural sounds, human voices, analog phones, old land line telephones, etc. Basically instrumentation devices use 4 to 20 mA or 0 to 20 mA signals. And this instrument or controller keeps this voltage constant and takes it as current signal. An analog signal is a form of electrical energy such as voltage, current. Analog signal is more accurate than digital signal and analog signal has infinite memory. Analog signals produce more noise and analog signals have lower bandwidth

Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Packet Switching & Circuit Switching

Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Packet Switching & Circuit Switching MCQ on Packet Switching  1. A local telephone network is an example of a _______ network. a) Packet switched b) Switched circuit c) Bit switched d) Line switched Answer: Switched circuit 2. Packet switches use the principle of ____________ A) Stop and wait b) Store and carry forward c) Store and wait d) Stop and move on Answer: Save and move on 3. There are three popular approaches to _________ switching: the datagram approach and the virtual circuit approach. A) Circuit b) Packet c) Message d) Both (a) and (b) Answer: Packet 4. In _________ systems, resources are allocated based on demand. a) Packet switching b) Circuit switching c) Line switching D) Frequency switching Answer: Packet switching 5. SVC is a transmission path in _________  A) Circuit switching. b) Packet switching. c) Message switching. D) All of the above Answer: Packet switching. 6. SCV requires ______________ a) Connection establishment

IOT Multiple Choice Questions And Answers

IOT Multiple Choice Questions And Answers 1.Mathematical model, which represents the relationship between variables, is termed as a) Mathematical model b) Statistical model c) Variability model d) None of the above Answer: Statistical model 2. ANOVA has a) Two types b) Three Types c) Four Types d)  Any finite value Answer: Three Types 3. Which of the following option supports a long-range communication a) ZigBee b) GPRS c) Bluetooth d) All of the above Answer: GPRS 4. The primary challenges of an embedded operating system for WSN are a) Small memory footprint b) Low power and computing capability c) Lack hardware parallelism d) All of these Answer: All of these 5. What is the network topology of Ambusens WBAN devices a) Bus topology b) Star Topology c) Mesh Topology d) None of the above Answer: Star Topology 6. Which communication protocol is used between sensor devices in Ambusens WBAN system a) 3G b) WLAN/Wi-fi c) IEEE 80 2. 15.4 d) IEEE 80 2. 15.1 Answer: IEEE 80 2. 15.1 7. Which pr

Double pole, single throw switch

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Double pole, single throw switch A double pole, single throw switch is also known as a DPST switch. And basically this switch has two inputs and two outputs. And this switch is generally used to turn on or off two different circuits. A DPST switch has four terminals and they are two input terminals and two output terminals. A double pole, single throw switch controls two different circuits simultaneously with one push What is Double Pole, Single Throw Switch (DPST Switch)? Basically a double pole, single throw switch has two input and two output terminals. and control two different circuits simultaneously using a single DPST switch. Example of double pole single throw switch A DPST switch has 2 input and output terminals as shown in the figure. Basically connect two different circuits in this switch to turn the LED or lamp on or off Application of double pole, single throw switch A DPST switch is used to control two different circuits using one switch. Basically a DPST switch regulates

Double Pole, Double Throw Switch (DPDT Switch)

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Double Pole, Double Throw Switch Double pole, double throw switch Also known as DPDT switch, double pole, double throw switch has two input terminals and four output terminals. Basically a DPDT switch has six terminals and out of these six terminals two are input terminals and four are output terminals and normally one input terminal is connected to two output terminals. Basically a double pole, double throw switch consists of two SPDT switches What Is Double Pole, Double Throw Switch (DPDT Switch)? A double pole, double throw switch is a combination of two SPDT switches, and a double pole, double throw switch has two input and four output terminals. Basically this switch connects four different circuits using one switch controls In this switch one input has two different outputs Example Of A Double Pole, Double Throw Switch We add a double pole, double throw switch and four different electrical components as shown in the figure. And this switch works such that if the first position of

Circuit Diagram And Its Electrical Component Types

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Circuit Diagram And Its Electrical Component Types Circuit Diagram A circuit diagram is an image and essentially shows the interconnection of electrical components in the form of a standardized symbolic representation. A circuit diagram shows actual electrical component connections in image format. And a circuit diagram is known as a graphical representation of a circuit. Circuit A circuit is basically a group of electrical components connected together by wires or soldering. Basically the circuit is designed using soldering is called PCB design. And an electrical circuit is a closed loop of electrical components and uses a battery or power supply to flow electricity in the circuit. Electrical circuit is divided into two types, first is series circuit and second is parallel circuit. 1. Series Circuit Basically a series circuit means that all components carry the same amount of current. And series circuits arrange all components in a line basically in series form. And the disadvantages

Fire and Gas Detectors

Fire and gas detectors A fire and gas detector is a device that detects fire in the environment or gases in the atmosphere. Generally a fire detector detects the presence of smoke, heat and flame and a gas detector uses different sensors to detect the presence of flammable gases and toxic gases. fire Fire is a chemical process or reaction of a fuel and a gas. It is basically created using fire, oxygen and heat. Basically wood produces a lot of light or heat and smoke Fire detector Fire detectors are basically fire detectors divided into three types first smoke detector, second heat detector and third flame detector. 1. Smoke detector Smoke detectors are basically divided into three types of smoke detectors, the first is ionization smoke detector, the second is light scattering smoke detector, and the third is Light Obscuring Smoke Detector. 1. Ionization smoke detector Generally, ionization smoke detectors are used to detect the presence of smoke in the environment and ionization smoke

Control Panel And Its Components

Control Panel And Its Components Control Panel A cabinet containing a collection of electrical components designed to control and protect equipment and devices. Basically the control panel shortlists the given point like power rating of the device, incoming supply, explosion proof category, usage of the device. A control panel is a cabinet that contains electrical components for controlling motors and equipment. In simple terms, a control panel is a combination of electrical devices that use electrical power to control various mechanical functions of industrial equipment or machinery. Control panels control and monitor many mechanical processes. Control panels are used to accommodate equipment for measurement, monitoring, protection, detection, control and process management purposes. The panels are located in the control room as well as in the field known as local control panels for operational convenience. The design of the control panel is based on the type of energy and mobility. P

Control Panel And Types Of Control Panel

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Control Panel And Types Of Control Panel Control Panel A control panel is a cabinet that contains electrical components for controlling motors and equipment. In simple terms, a control panel is a combination of electrical devices that use electrical power to control various mechanical functions of industrial equipment or machinery. Control panels control and monitor many mechanical processes. Control panels are used to accommodate equipment for measurement, monitoring, protection, detection, control and process management purposes. The panels are located in the control room as well as in the field known as local control panels for operational convenience. The design of the control panel is based on the type of energy and mobility. Panels are named based on the functional media such as electrical, electronic, air and oil. Such as PLC control panel with PLC installed, related wiring, power supply. Pneumatic Control Panels Pneumatic controllers/indicators which are operated by air are cal

Bimetallic Temperature Measuring Instruments or Bimetallic Thermometers

Bimetallic Temperature Measuring Instruments or Bimetallic Thermometers Bimetallic devices take advantage of the metal's expansion when heated. In these devices, two metals are bonded together and mechanically connected to the pointer. A bimetallic device causes one side of the bimetallic strip to expand more than the other when heated. And when the pointer is properly formed, the temperature measurement is displayed. A bimetallic instrument is a device for measuring temperature. A bimetallic device is a mechanical thermometer that indicates temperature by mechanical displacement using a bimetallic strip. Bimetallic thermometers are simpler in design and less expensive. A bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical thermometer and does not require any kind of power source. Also bimetallic thermometers are cheap to install and easy to maintain. Bimetallic thermometers are basically used over a wide temperature range. A bimetallic thermometer does not give correct readings at low temperat