Control Panel And Its Components Control Panel A cabinet containing a collection of electrical components designed to control and protect equipment and devices. Basically the control panel shortlists the given point like power rating of the device, incoming supply, explosion proof category, usage of the device. A control panel is a cabinet that contains electrical components for controlling motors and equipment. In simple terms, a control panel is a combination of electrical devices that use electrical power to control various mechanical functions of industrial equipment or machinery. Control panels control and monitor many mechanical processes. Control panels are used to accommodate equipment for measurement, monitoring, protection, detection, control and process management purposes. The panels are located in the control room as well as in the field known as local control panels for operational convenience. The design of the control panel is based on the type of energy and mobility. P

Control Panel And Types Of Control Panel Control Panel A control panel is a cabinet that contains electrical components for controlling motors and equipment. In simple terms, a control panel is a combination of electrical devices that use electrical power to control various mechanical functions of industrial equipment or machinery. Control panels control and monitor many mechanical processes. Control panels are used to accommodate equipment for measurement, monitoring, protection, detection, control and process management purposes. The panels are located in the control room as well as in the field known as local control panels for operational convenience. The design of the control panel is based on the type of energy and mobility. Panels are named based on the functional media such as electrical, electronic, air and oil. Such as PLC control panel with PLC installed, related wiring, power supply. Pneumatic Control Panels Pneumatic controllers/indicators which are operated by air are cal

Bimetallic Temperature Measuring Instruments or Bimetallic Thermometers Bimetallic devices take advantage of the metal's expansion when heated. In these devices, two metals are bonded together and mechanically connected to the pointer. A bimetallic device causes one side of the bimetallic strip to expand more than the other when heated. And when the pointer is properly formed, the temperature measurement is displayed. A bimetallic instrument is a device for measuring temperature. A bimetallic device is a mechanical thermometer that indicates temperature by mechanical displacement using a bimetallic strip. Bimetallic thermometers are simpler in design and less expensive. A bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical thermometer and does not require any kind of power source. Also bimetallic thermometers are cheap to install and easy to maintain. Bimetallic thermometers are basically used over a wide temperature range. A bimetallic thermometer does not give correct readings at low temperat

Resistance Temperature Detector Resistance temperature detector is also known as RTD. An RTD is a temperature measuring device that measures temperature when a resistance changes. It is a device made of platinum. RTD works on temperature and resistance relationship and RTD is a passive device. RTD consist of insulated copper wires and resistive elements. The temperature sensing element of an RTD is a resistive element. RTD is commanly known as resistance thermometer and is a commaly used thermometer to measure temperature. Benefits of RTD is high accuricy and high temperature range. The RTD sensing element is metal and when electrical resistance changes with temperature. There are two types of RTDs one is a thin film element and the other is a wire wound element. Thin Film RTD A thin film RTD is made of platinum film. A platinum film is known as a thin layer of resistive material and is formed on a ceramic substrate. Platinum thin film RTD is also known as Pt-RTD. Platinum thin film RT

Process Flow Diagram   A process flow diagram is also known as a PFD. Process flow diagram commonly used in process or chemical plants, this flow diagram covers the basic flow of plant processes and equipment. A process flow diagram usually shows the relationship between the main equipment of a plant. Basically a process flow diagram is a simple diagram that shows details about the process flow for a process plant. A process flow diagram is used to show details about a process or design situation in one picture, the main process equipment, the main process flow, these equipment and the basic process control scheme. Some process flow diagrams show the entire process of a plant A process flow diagram will include operational data such as process piping, major equipment, major bypass streams, major recycle streams, connections to other systems, operational data (temperature, pressure, mass flow rate, density, and more), name process streams.

Three Point Linkage It is a combination of three links, one upper link and two lower links, the links attached to the tractor and attached at their ends to attach implements to the tractor. The standard system for attaching implements to the tractor is the three point linkage. The three point linkage system is designed to carry the weight of equipment, such as plows, rotors, trailers, etc.  Advantage Of Three Point Linkage Easy control of working implements Quick setting of implements Good balancing of attached implements.

Ladder Diagram (LD) A ladder diagram is also called ladder logic and originally developed from relay logic that uses devices such as switches and mechanical relays to control processes.

Electrical Circuit  An electrical circuit is a group of electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, transistors, diodes and inductors which are connected by wires but now the interconnection of electrical components is done using soldering and is known as PCB design. In an electrical circuit, electrons leave a power source, travel along a conductor, pass through a load to do work, and finally return to the source. It is called a circuit because of the circular path through which electrons flow. In an electrical circuit, electrons travel from the negative side to the positive side.

Microcontroller And Its Types  Microcontroller A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit or microcomputer designed to control a specific operation in an embedded system such as a function in a device using a microcontroller processor and memory. Microcontroller is a cheap and small size, easy to implement. So it can be embedded on any device. Types Of Microcontroller   PIC Microcontroller ARM Microcontroller 8051 Microcontroller AVR Microcontroller MSP Microcontroller PIC Microcontroller PIC microcontroller is known as peripheral interface controller and currently PIC microcontroller is widely used for industrial purpose due to low power consumption, high performance capability and easy availability and PIC microcontroller is very small microcontroller. ARM Microcontroller ARM microcontrollers are known as advanced RISC machines and currently ARM microcontrollers are widely used in industries like industrial, automotive, aerospace, semiconductor and many more. Such as mobile ph

Relay A relay is an electrically operated switch whose purpose is to close and open circuits electronically as well as electromechanically. Relays are required to control automation systems and loads. Also Relays convert small electrical impulses into large currents using electromagnetism. These conversions occur when electrical inputs activate electromagnets and make or break existing circuits.

Biosensors A biosensor is an analytical device that produces a signal proportional to the concentration of an analyte in a reaction, biological or chemical Measures substances and reactions. A biosensor combines a biological element with a physico-chemical detector. Biosensors typically consist of enzymes, antibodies, cells, nucleic acids, aptamers, semi-conducting materials, nanomaterials, and electronic systems that include processors, signal amplifiers, and displays. All types of biosensors typically produce minimal sample size because the biological detecting element is highly selective for the analyte. Physical and electrochemical changes occurring on the outside of the biosensor will generate a signal within the conducting polymer layer. Types Of Biosensors Electrochemical biosensors Optical biosensors Electronic biosensors Piezoelectric biosensors Gravimetric biosensors Pyroelectric biosensors Magnetic biosensors Biosensors Applications Common healthcare checking Metabolites Mea

Differentiate Between FSSAI And AGMARK

Food Quality Measurement And Food Safety Standards Food Quality Measurement Food quality has both subjective and subjective aspects. Appearance, texture and taste are largely subjective attributes, while nutritional and bacterial quality are not. The last two scores can be measured objectively by chemical analysis, bacterial counts, or other specific tests.  Food quality is characterized by characteristics acceptable to consumers. These include external factors such as aspect (shape, size, luster, color), texture and taste. Other factors are legal quality standards and internal factors like chemical, physical, microbiological. Food Quality Characteristics of food acceptable to consumers. It includes external factors such as taste, texture and appearance and internal factors such as chemical, physical and microbial. A combination of attributes or characteristics of a product will be important in determining the degree of acceptability of that product to the consumer. So the higher the d

Agro metrological parameters at weather station.  A agrometeorological station is a station that simultaneously provides detailed meteorological and biological information and where research in agrometeorology is carried out. In both meteorological and biological fields the equipment, range and frequency of observations and professional personnel are such that fundamental investigations of agrometeorological questions of interest to the countries or regions concerned can be made. A typical agricultural meteorological station is a station that provides meteorological and biological information on a regular basis, simultaneously, and may be equipped to assist in research on specific problems; In general, a program of biological or phenological observations for research will be related to the station's local climate and local agriculture. An auxiliary agrometeorological station provides information on soil temperature and moisture, potential evapotranspiration, duration of plant wetne

Drawbar Hitch Three Point Linkage Drawbar Hitch Drawbar is a device through which the pulling power of the tractor is transmitted to the trailing implements. It consists of a crossbar with suitable holes, attached to the lower hitch links. It is mounted on the rear of the tractor. Three Point Linkage It is a combination of three links, one upper link and two lower links, the links attached to the tractor and attached at their ends to attach implements to the tractor. Advantage Of Three Point Linkage Easy control of working implements Quick setting of implements Automatic hydraulic control of implements such as position control, draft control etc. Good balancing of attached implements.

Basic Components Of Hydraulic System And Types Of Hydraulic System Basic Components Of Hydraulic System Hydraulic Pump Hydraulic Cylinder And Piston Hydraulic tank Control valve Pressure Relief Valve Hose Pipe Hydraulic Pump There are many types of hydraulic pumps, such as gear pumps, plunger pumps, vane pumps, and screw pumps. A gear pump can flow a large amount of oil compared to a plunger pump. The basic concept of all hydraulic pumps is to displace a volume of fluid against a resistive load or pressure. Hydraulic Cylinder It is an bigger sized cylinder, in which pistons and connecting rods are mounted. It is also known as ram cylinder. The connecting rod transmits power from the piston to the lifting arms. The piston moves in the hydraulic cylinder and creates reciprocating motion in the cylinder. When raising the equipment the lifting arms are raised by hydraulic pressure but are lowered by their own weight. Hydraulic Piston The piston is attached to the piston rod and moves up an

Working principle of hydraulic system The working principle of hydraulic system is based on pascal's law. This law states that the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all direc­tions. Small force acting on small area can produce higher force on a surface of larger area Operation The hydraulic pump draws up oil from the oil reservoir and sends it to the control valve under high pressure. From the control valve, the oil goes to the hydraulic cylinder to operate the piston, which in turn, raises the lifting arms. The lifting arms are attached with implements. The hydraulic pump is operated by suitable gears, connected with engine. There are two types of arrangements for storing hydraulic oil in the system There is a common oil reservoir for hydraulic system and the transmission system in some tractors, There is a special tank for hydra­ulic oil. It is separate from the transmission chamber. Basic Components Of Hydraulic System Hydraulic pump Hydraulic cylin

Hydraulic Control System A hydraulic system controls the transmission of energy.  It transforms the mechanical energy of a prime motor into fluid energy.  It controls the fluid configuration and transforms the fluid energy into mechanical work at specified locations.  Hydraulic systems feature high power density, sensitive response and precision of control, especially when operating under computer control.  Thus, they have been widely used as the energy transmission control systems in aircraft, ships, construction machinery, machine tools and others.  Therefore, it is indispensable for a mechanical engineer to become versed with hydraulic control technology.  The technology is mainly associated with fluid mechanics and control theories, but it is related to the wider field of engineering as well. The hydraulic system performs and functions multiple tasks by using a fluid that is pressurized

Gypsum Block Soil Moisture Sensor  A soil moisture block, often referred to as a gypsum block or electrical resistance block, is a device for measuring soil moisture changes. The soil moisture block consists of two electrodes mounted in a small block of porous material. Wires are attached to the electrodes. The sensor is buried in the soil at the depth to be monitored and the wires extend to the soil surface. Once installed, the block’s moisture content comes into equilibrium with the surrounding soil moisture. A meter is attached to the wires at the surface and an AC current is passed through the block. The electrical resistance measured by the meter is related to the soil moisture surrounding the soil moisture block. The wetter the soil (and the block), the less resistance to the passage of the current. The soil moisture block therefore indirectly monitors soil moisture by measuring electrical resistance. Most soil moisture blocks are not as sensitive as tensiometers in wetter soils