What are Clamp-On Ammeters? Clamp-on ammeters are basically a device used to measure current. It has a jaw-type holder that can be opened or closed like a hand jaw to hold the conductor around. The jaw contains an internal current transformer. It measures current in a circuit by measuring the strength of the magnetic field around the conductor.

What is a Gas Filled Dial Thermometer? Essentially, the gas-filled dial thermometer is a measuring principle based on the volumetric temperature expansion of the gas filling in the measuring element. The measuring element is tightly connected by a capillary tube containing a measuring spring. The spring transfers the expansion of the gas filling through the movement on the dial. Gas-filled dial thermometers are used for temperatures ranging from -80°C to +600°C. The accuracy is ± 1% of full scale deflection. A gas-filled dial thermometer can be supplied with a capillary line between the measuring element and a 100 m long spring.

What is a Bimetallic Dial Thermometer? A bimetallic dial thermometer is basically a measuring element that consists of two, metal tapes, joined together. Tapes with different thermal expansion coefficients. The coiled measuring element is fixed at the end of the stem; The other side is attached to a pointer axle. Temperature changes cause the bi-metal to stretch or bend, causing the coiled component to twist. This movement is proportional to the temperature change and is shown on the dial. Bi-metal dial thermometers are used for temperatures ranging from – 50°C to +500 C. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection.

What is an absolute pressure gauge with a diaphragm? Basically, an absolute pressure gauge with a diaphragm in this type of gauge is used to measure pressure, independent of any changes in ambient pressure. The pressure chamber shall be isolated by a thin diaphragm. A chamber that will not be loaded to gauge pressure, will be evacuated to absolute vacuum. This vacuum (= absolute zero-point) is called the reference pressure. The diaphragm will be loaded with measuring pressure and will flexibly deviate from its normal position, thus transmitting the pressure through the bellows upon movement. Absolute pressure gauges are used for measuring gases and liquids; It can be aggressive too. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection. Basically, an absolute pressure gauge with a diaphragm in this type of gauge is used to measure pressure, independent of any changes in ambient pressure. The pressure chamber shall be isolated by a thin diaphragm. A chamber that will not be loaded to gauge pr...

What is Differential Pressure Gauge? Basically, differential pressure means that the pressure chamber will be separated by a thin diaphragm. This diaphragm is under constant pressure from both chambers and additionally has a gauge pressure from one chamber. The diaphragm will transmit pressure differences through the bellows on movement. The movement shows a positive or negative value on the dial with a 270° angle. The bellows on the opposite side compensates the force. Differential pressure gauges are used for measuring gases and liquids; It can be aggressive too. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection. The ambient temperature should be from -20 to +60 °C; and medium temperature not exceeding +100°C.

What is chemically sealed Bourdon tube pressure gauge? Basically Borden tube gauge will be fixed on the seal. A seal consists of a defined cavity that is closed off with a thin, flexible diaphragm. The volume between this diaphragm and the Borden tube will be filled with transmission fluid after it has been completely emptied. When pressure is applied, a flexible diaphragm will use this fluid to transmit the applied pressure, thus lifting the gauge. A Borden tube transfers the measured pressure using movement on a dial with a 270° angle. As the liquid fills, the connection between the seal and the gauge should remain closed. The seal can be made in various forms and types. The gauges with seals can be used to measure pressure from -1 bar to 1000 bar. The accuracy is ± 1,0% of full scale deflection. Sealed gauges are mainly used outdoors as there is no risk of freezing. The gauge with connecting flange is suitable for highly viscous, crystalline and medium solid materials. Flat seals ma...

What is a capsule pressure gauge? Basically the capsule consists of two thin, concentrically corrugated diaphragms welded or attached together. The pressure change in the capsule causes elastic deformation on both sides of the measuring element. The travel of the measuring element is proportional to the pressure being measured. It will be transmitted to a pointer using a geared movement and indicated on a dial with a 270° angle. Capsule pressure gauges are used for measuring low positive or negative values up to 600 mbar. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection. Capsule is made of Brass or SS316. and is only used to measure gases. And this ambient temperature will be -20 +60 °C; The medium temperature shall not exceed +100°C.

What is a diaphragm pressure gauge? Basically a diaphragm pressure gauge, the concentrically corrugated diaphragm would be fixed between two flanges. The diaphragm will be loaded by the process pressure on one side and will flexibly deviate from its normal position. This path is proportional to the pressure applied and will be transmitted in a rotary geared movement. The movement has a pointer and shows pressure on the dial with a 270 angle. Diaphragm pressure gauges are used to measure the pressure of gases, vapors and liquids from 40 bar and vacuum to -1 bar. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection. Tantalum, Hastelloy C etc. Or the diaphragm can be protected from aggressive media by using a PTFE-coated foil. The connecting part can be made or protected with suitable materials, ie SS 316L, PP, PVC, PVDF etc. Diaphragm pressure gauges with open measuring flanges are perfectly suited for media containing highly viscous, crystalline and solid substances. Diaphragm pressure gauge...

What is Bourdon tube pressure gauge? Basically Bourdon tube pressure gauges will have flexible (circular) measuring elements soldered or welded into sockets; The free end is closed tightly. The change in pressure causes the deflection of the measuring element. This deflection of the free end of the Borden tube is proportional to the applied pressure and is transmitted in a rotary geared movement. This movement carries a pointer and indicates pressure on the dial with a 270° angle. Bourdon tube gauges are used to measure high pressures up to 1000 bar and vacuums of gases, vapors and liquids down to -1 bar. The accuracy is between ± 0,1% and ± 2,5% of full scale deflection. In case of aggressive media, Borden tube can be made of brass, stainless steel or Monel.

How many types of pressure gauge are there? Basically the types of pressure gauges are Bourdon tube pressure gauge, diaphragm pressure gauge, capsule pressure gauge, Bourdon tube pressure gauge with chemical seal, differential pressure gauge, absolute pressure gauge with diaphragm.

What is a Voltage Reference? Essentially voltage references are electronic components, devices or circuits that are designed to provide a constant DC (direct current) output value or constant voltage, regardless of variations in other external variables. These may include total device load, power supply variations, temperature, humidity, elapsed time, and a variety of other variables. And the types of voltage references are shunt voltage reference, series voltage reference, bandgap voltage reference.

What is Instrument Cable? Basically instrument cable is used for automation and instrumentation control. Instrument cables are thin in size and can handle only a small amount of voltage and current (typically up to 24VDC and 20 mA). All instruments, field devices and controllers like PLCs require this type of cable to control the current.

What is a power cable? Power cable is basically used for high voltage transmission. Power cables are used to handle high voltages and currents (typically up to 400 A and 32KVAC).

What materials are used in instrumentation cables? Basically the materials used in instrumentation cable are PVC, PE, XLPE, LSZH, mica tape, steel wire armouring, metal braid and lead alloy sheath.

What is a Neutral Wire? Basically you know that, in any electrical circuit, two potentials form the circuit and allow the current to flow - phase and neutral. Phase is the conducting wire which carries the current and neutral is the conducting wire which does not carry the current but completes the current path by redirecting it to the source point. So, the neutral wire is used to complete the current flow in the circuit. Without the neutral wire, current will not flow through the load. It is also known as the zero potential point. Basic load is connected to two points – phase (red line) and neutral (black line). The third point is connected to the earth. Practically, the neutral wire is connected to the ground. When the live wire carries the current to the load and the neutral wire receives the current returning from it, the neutral wire must be non-conducting, in which case it will be conductive. So, to make it non-conductive, the neutral wire is connected to the ground without a neu...

What is a paddle type level switch? Basically the paddle type level switch is a very simple concept and works on the movement of the paddle. A paddle is installed underneath the sensor setup, which is driven by a small electric motor. In the absence of any media, the paddle will move freely. If exposed to any medium, more force will be needed to move the paddle. It may also happen that the paddles stop rotating. This rotational change alters the electrical output.

What is an optical level switch? Optical level switches are basically similar to radar sensors; The difference is that instead of waves, optical light is emitted. Light is transmitted and returned in a cone-shaped prism structure. This means that the light will not travel all the way to the medium, but will be confined within a structure. When there is no medium in this structure, the light will reflect back. If there is a medium present then the light will not be reflected back. This causes the electrical output to change.

What is a Radar and Laser Level Switch? Radar and laser level switches are basically non-contact switches that emit ultraviolet radar rays and microwaves to transmit and reflect waves. The waves strike the surface of the media and reflect back to the transmitter. It then measures the distance or height of the medium by measuring the time taken to transmit and receive and the speed of the wave. Velocity will be constant, but time will vary. This causes the electrical output to change.

What is a vibrating fork level switch? Basically the vibrating fork-level switch works on the principle of vibration. It uses a fork that is vibrated each time by an internal mechanism. When this fork comes in contact with media, the vibration level changes. This causes the electrical output to change.

What is an inductive level switch? Basically an inductive level switch works on the principle of electromagnetic radiation and eddy currents. This oscillator uses a resonant circuit that uses a core magnetic coil to generate a strong electromagnetic field. When this field penetrates the media, it creates eddy currents that reduce the amplitude of the oscillations. This changes the electrical output.

What is Displacer Level Switch? Basically the displacer level switch works on the principle of shifting weight. A displacer is used, which is a kind of very heavy float, which is suspended by a spring. When the media level touches the displacer and submerges it in the water, due to the buoyant force, the weight of the displacer decreases compared to the acting medium. This releases spring pressure and changes electrical output. This means that the weight of the displacer must be greater than the weight of the media in normal conditions (when the media is not touching). Only then, it will detect the weight change.

What is a conductivity level switch? Essentially, a conductance level switch works the same as a capacitance level switch; The only difference is that it works on resistance. Similar to the probe theory mentioned earlier, the difference in resistance between them (based on the media layer) changes the electrical output. It will only work if the media has some conductivity, which causes electrical resistance.

What is capacitive level switch? Basically capacitive level switch works on capacitance. Like a capacitor, a switch has an insulated electrode that acts as the first plate, and the tank wall (reference electrode) acts as the second plate. The capacity between the two varies depending on the height of the media level. As the level changes, the capacitance changes and so does the electrical output.

What is a diaphragm level switch? Basically a diaphragm level switch has a diaphragm inside the module that moves up and down depending on the applied media pressure. If the level rises, the diaphragm will move upward through the medium and lower the pressure below the face, changing the electrical output. If the level is falling, the diaphragm will move downward through the medium and change the electrical output, increasing the pressure below the face. This shows that pressure is the actuating force for this switch.

What is a float level switch? Basically float level switch is the most widely used level switch. A float level switch is either mounted or floating on the media. Suppose it floats on a liquid. When the float is in upright position or above upright position, it means the level is correct. Now, let's say the float went below the upright position. This means the level has dropped and due to this, the switch will change its electrical output. The switch has a magnet with a reed switch. It is the switch which gives the electrical signal. The switch is moved by a magnet which changes its position as per the floating level sensed.

What is a SF6 circuit breaker? SF6 is basically known as sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker. And sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker is a type of medium voltage circuit breaker. When sulfur hexafluoride gas is used to extinguish the arc, it is called an SF6 circuit breaker. This gas is known to extinguish the arc rapidly, as it has a very high dielectric strength and acts as an insulating medium. A large amount of arcing occurs when the stationary and moving contacts move away from each other during a trip or off condition. In this circuit breaker, as gas arcs in the enclosure, the dielectric strength of the gas increases during arc formation. This automatically reduces or cancels the high current generated. SF6 circuit breakers have excellent insulating properties and high electro-negativity. It is used at voltages from 33KV to 800KV.

What is the VCB? Basically the VCB is a vacuum circuit breaker. And the vacuum circuit breaker is a type of medium voltage circuit breaker. Circuit breakers are all about extinguishing high-tripping currents or arcs that occur in power-off conditions. So, when the vacuum is used to extinguish the arc, it is called a vacuum circuit breaker. VCB is used at voltages from 11KV to 33KV. A large amount of arcing occurs when the stationary and moving contacts move away from each other in a tripped or off condition. In this circuit breaker, since the arcing takes place in a vacuum enclosure, the dielectric strength of the vacuum increases during arc formation. It automatically reduces or cancels the high currents that are generated. It has dielectric recovery character, excellent interruption and can interrupt high-frequency current caused by arc instability, superimposed on line frequency current.

What is MPCB? MPCB is basically known as motor protection circuit breaker. And motor protection circuit breaker is a kind of low-voltage circuit breaker. An MPCB works similar to an MCCB, but has electrical features designed in such a way that it efficiently protects the motors against various types of faults. Also, it has an on-off switch to turn on or off the power supply to the motor. It is worth noting that an MCCB can also be used to protect motors, but it has limited motor protection functions compared to MPCB. Some of the other faults that MPCB can protect the motor from are phase loss, current imbalance and under-voltage fault. The MPCB has a special feature of auto-resetting. This allows the motor to resume its function after a certain period of time after the motor has been tripped. The MPCB has adjustable bimetallic strip for overload protection. The strip for overload protection can be adjusted to any two set values. The MPCB can also provide protection against line-to-line...

What is the RCBO? RCBO is basically known as residual current circuit breaker with overcurrent. And residual current circuit breaker with overcurrent is a kind of low-voltage circuit breaker. RCBOs are used to protect against earth leakage fault currents with over currents. RCBO has extra protection against overload and over current. And it mainly uses a microcontroller and it can also be called as a combination of MCCB and RCCB. That is why; It is more useful than the RRCB; Because RCCB does not provide protection against overcurrent. Some RCBO have indicators to indicate any earth fault. This feature is very useful as it helps the engineer quickly in troubleshooting.

What is the RCCB? RCCB is basically known as residual current circuit breaker. Residual current circuit breakers are a type of low-voltage circuit breaker. RCCB is used to protect against earth leakage fault current. RCCB have small current ratings, typically up to 160A. RCCB provides protection against lightning shock. This is because the role of the RCCB is mainly to detect earth leakage and trip the circuit if detected. There is a test circuit operation to check if the RCCB is working.

What is MCCB? MCCB is basically known as Molded Case Circuit Breaker. And Molded Case Circuit Breaker is a type of low-voltage circuit breaker. MCCB are used for higher power requirements like industrial or large commercial applications. The MCCB can be used up to 2500 A. This makes it possible to use MCCB in large applications. Interruption rating of MCCB can go up to 200000 A. MCCB have various tripping functions such as continuous ampere, long time delay, short time pickup, short time delay, instantaneous pickup and ground fault pickup. These are adjustable trip functions, which means you can set trip parameters to suit your needs; Thus providing the user with more flexibility to design the circuit. MCCB is enclosed in a molding or housing of molded material and hence known as molded case circuit breaker.

What are MCBs? Basically MCB is known as miniature circuit breaker. And MCB is a type of low-voltage circuit breaker. MCBs are used for household purposes or for low power applications such as small electrical panels. MCB can be used up to 100 A only. The MCB has an interrupt rating of up to 18000 A. Class 3 MCBs are very popular these days due to their fast tripping capability and their minimal energy loss.

What are the types of circuit breakers? Basically a type of circuit breaker  MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker) RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker) RCBO (Residual Current Circuit Breaker with Overcurrent) MPCB (Motor Protection Circuit Breaker) VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker) SF6 (Sulphur Hexafluoride) Circuit Breaker Oil Circuit Breaker

What is Circuit Breaker? Basically, circuit breakers are an essential part of electrical circuits. It is a device that is used as a protective switch to pass the current that is checked for tripping condition. When it detects a trip condition, the circuit breaker opens its contact and isolates the input and output voltages from contact with each other. Hence, its basic function is to interrupt the current flow after the fault is detected. It stays open until the user resets the trip.

What are all aluminum conductors? Basically AAC (All Aluminum Conductor) is an electrical conductor made completely of aluminum. It can be seen as a stranded set of conductors, stacked one upon the other. Aluminum is a good conductor of electricity, and being such a bulk conductor material, AAC has the best conductivity. Also, it is extremely corrosion-resistant. But, with such a large amount of aluminum, its weight increases relative to its moderate strength and it starts to bend. Hence these types of conductors are used for shorter distances and where grid towers are close. Because, even though it will run for only a short distance, it will provide an excellent current transfer.

What are the types of overhead conductors? Basically the most common types of overhead conductors are listed below. AAC (All Aluminum Conductor) AAAC (All Aluminum Alloy Conductor) ACSR (All Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) ACAR (Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced)

What is Overhead Cable?  Basically, long lengths of electrical cables running through power distribution and transmission grids. It is seen everywhere around us. These cables bring electricity to your home. They are called overhead cables. An electrical cable consists of two parts, conductor and insulator. A conductor is a material inside that allows electricity to pass and an insulator is a material that prevents electricity from passing through it.

What are the types of switching mechanism in ATS?  Basically, there are two types of mechanisms that work in ATS – open transition and closed transition. Free transition means break-before-make. Before changing any power supply connection, it will first open the existing connection and then connect to another one. A close transition is a make-before-break. Before breaking any power supply connection, it will first switch to the new connection and then break the previous connection.

What is Auto Changeover Switch? Basically you have two sources of power – primary and secondary. Earlier, when the main power supply went off, the operator himself would go and switch on the secondary power supply. This would take time, especially if it is far from a power source. To solve this problem, auto changeover switch was started to be used. As the name suggests, auto changeover switches are used to automatically switch power between primary and secondary sources. If the mains supply shuts down or fails, this switch will automatically connect the load to the secondary power supply. On resumption of mains power supply, this switch will switch the load back to mains power supply. It works in the same way as a relay. Therefore, this automatic switch acts as a very important component to provide instantaneous power supply. An auto changeover switch has a microprocessor that is programmed to control the switching of the power supply. At one end, it senses the main power supply and a...

What is Transformer Bushing? Basically a transformer is a device which is used to step up or step down the voltage as per requirement. Transformers are required in power transmission and generation stages, they involve high voltages. Since the transformer works at very high voltage, it is also necessary to take care that it functions properly without any leakage or damage. Now, it is worth noting that there is one very important factor in helping the transformer to function properly; That is its bushing. Without a bushing, it is not possible to operate the transformer in any high-voltage condition (usually in KV). A bushing is an electrical insulator that allows safe passage of electrical current. It is similar to any insulator surrounding the conductor, which helps prevent any untoward incident from occurring. A transformer consists of two windings - primary and secondary (HV and LV). It makes connections to external wires to carry electricity. Even though the transformer also include...

What are high beam splitter coatings?  Basically, beam splitters are optical components that are used to split a certain amount of light into two separate beams. Splitters are classified according to how they are constructed. They can also be used to combine two different beams

What are highly reflective coatings? Originally high-reflective coatings were used to reduce light from lasers and other light sources while reflecting them. Therefore, technicians recommend that laser machines have highly reflective coating materials because the scatter of the laser beam can cause injury if the laser is pointed directly at the patient, for example, during laser eye surgery. In short, HR coatings are essential for laser machine effectiveness so that less laser power is used during application.

What are anti-reflection coatings? Basically an anti-reflection coating, also known as an antiglare coating, is used to reduce reflections on the surface of lenses and other optical components. When reflection is reduced it improves better imaging because reflection reduces light. Therefore, instruments such as binoculars, cameras, microscopes and binoculars can use anti-reflective coatings. This is because reducing light reflection by eliminating stray light improves image contrast. An antiglare coating can also be used to eliminate reflections. For example, in the lenses of glasses, technicians can use an anti-reflective coating to ensure that the person wearing the glasses can be seen by others. Additionally, an antiglare coating can reduce the glare from the light or binoculars of a secret viewer's telescope.

What are the types of optics coating? Basically optics are the most common types of coatings  Anti-reflection coatings Highly reflective coatings Filter coatings Beam splitter coatings

What is an Optical Coating? Basically an optical coating is a thin layer of material that creates an interaction and effect between certain visual elements such as a lens or mirror and light. Understanding how optical coatings work requires understanding how light travels through transparent media. The layers used in this technology affect how the optic transmits light and reflects it. And the technology is useful for making glasses and camera lenses for people whose eyes are light sensitive. Materials used for this type of coating vary depending on their application. Examples of materials used for the coating include rare earth materials, oxides, and metals. Their thickness determines the effectiveness of the optics technology, the number of layers used and the difference in refractive index.

What is a through-beam sensor?  Basically in this sensor, light passes to the receiving element and this element immediately produces an electrical output. This means the transmitter and receiver will be at different ends. The sensor will give a different output when there is an object in it; And the sensor will give a different output when there is no object in it. The output can be NO or NC, and PNP or NPN.

What are PLC System Design Steps?  PLC system design steps are: Environmental details,  Grounding and earthing,  Safety concerns networking,  Field devices and IO numbers,  Proper grouping of equipment,  Field wiring voltage level,  Program complexity and redundancy.

What is a Photoelectric Sensor? A photoelectric sensor basically emits light from a transmitter, which contains a light-emitting element. The receiver at the other end will detect this light beam. When this emitted light is intercepted by any object, the intensity of the beam of light received by the receiver changes. The intensity of the light is continuously processed and converted into an electrical output. As the intensity varies, the electric output varies. This electrical output is then fed to any circuit and indicates whether or not any object has passed between the lights. This is the concept of the photoelectric sensor.

What is Buchholz Relay? Basically Buchholz relay is used to detect internal faults in oil filled transformers. And that oil is used as insulation for the transformer body. Buchholz Relay works on the principle of gas detection. Buchholz relays used in oil filled transformers are also known as safety devices.

What is Current Transformer? Basically a current transformer is a device that is surrounded by live phase wire in a three-phase system to measure the current flowing through it. As the name suggests, this is a type of transformer. A current transformer comes under the working analogy of a step-down transformer. A current transformer (CT) converts high voltage current flowing through its primary winding (phase wire) into low voltage current flowing through its secondary winding (internal ammeter). The meter will then automatically scale or calibrate internally to reflect the original value.

What is a transducer? Basically a transducer is a device that converts energy/signal into another form. For example, force, torque, light, speed, position etc. Conversion of differences in similar physical quantities. And specific applications are in automation, control systems, and measuring to convert physical parameters such as pressure, temperature, level, flow or the like. Brightness etc., in an electrical signal or vice versa. The term transducer is used instead of the term sensor. Transducers are defined as elements that experience relative changes when subjected to some physical change.

What is IGBT? IGBT is basically a type of transistor. And there are three main types in the transistor family – BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor), FET (Field Effect Transistor), and IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor). The IGBT is a more advanced type of transistor. As a standard construction of a transistor, it too has three terminals – gate, collector and emitter. When a voltage is applied to the gate, it opens and allows a current to flow between the collector and emitter. When the voltage is removed from the gate, it closes and blocks the flow of current between the collector and the emitter. Thus, an IGBT behaves like a switch; It closes when the gate is open and current flows and when it is closed. IGBT is a combination of BJT and FET. It has the gate function of FET and low saturation voltage/output characteristics of BJT. That is why you can see it in its name too; This is a combination of both FET (IG) and BJT (BT). It is able to handle large collector-emitter currents wi...

What is a wiring schedule?  Basically the wiring schedule will specify the wire reference number, type, color, size and number of conductors, length and required amount of insulation stripping. And this is not a diagram but a reference to the conductors that were used for easy identification in the circuit. In complex devices, you'll also find a table of interconnections that gives the start and end reference points for each connection, as well as color, size, identification markings, and other important information.

What is a wiring diagram? Basically a wiring diagram is a drawing that shows all the wiring between parts such as control or signal functions, power supply and earth connections, and unused leads and termination contacts. Also, the wiring diagram shows the interconnections between terminal posts, blocks, plugs, sockets and lead-throughs. This wiring diagram will contain details such as terminal identification numbers that enable us to wire the unit together. The parts in the wiring diagram are shown only in blocks with no indication of the size or shape of the components. But it will only show the terminal number or connection number in the component.

What is a circuit diagram? Circuit diagrams basically show how electrical components are connected to each other and use symbols to represent electrical components. Lines represent the functional conductors or wires that connect them to each other. And the circuit diagram is derived from the block or functional diagram. It does not represent the exact size, shape or arrangement of the electrical components. Although you can wire up the assembly from the information in it. They usually show details of how electrical circuits work.

What is a voltmeter? Basically, voltmeters are standard items on switchboards and control panels. They are basically single-circuit elements so when three phases are to be indicated either three devices are used or one with a multipoint switch. A voltmeter is connected across the line and is high-impedance. The ranges of the voltmeter may be varied in series with high-value resistors; Such resistors are known as voltmeter multipliers. For high voltage, a potential transformer (PT) is connected to the main line called the primary and a voltmeter is connected to the secondary. Voltmeters are usually moving iron. Moving coil meters can also be used but in combination with rectifiers.

What is voltage?  Basically voltage is also known as potential difference, electromotive force (EMF) and pressure of an electrical circuit. And it is measured with the help of voltmeter.

What is negative feedback?  Basically in this type, the feedback signal is subtracted from the input signal in the controller. And this is the most widely used type, because of its accuracy and control in the process. Also negative feedback, which tries to reduce error by bringing input and output closer together

What is positive feedback?  Basically in this type, a feedback signal is added with the input signal in the controller. And it has less control over error.

What is feedback control system? Basically a feedback control system consists of five components - input (set value), output (process variable), controlling process, sensing devices and actuating / control devices.

What is a ruptured disc? Basically the rupture disc is a device used to prevent the vessel from breaking due to increased pressure. It consists of a thin metal diaphragm that explodes when the vessel's pressure rises. Rupture discs are usually designed to reduce to 1.5 times the vessel's maximum allowable working pressure. A disc assembly consists of a thin, circular membrane usually made of metal, plastic, or graphite that is firmly clamped into a disc holder. It works on the pressure relief principle. Rupture discs are actuated by inlet static pressure and are designed to function by bursting a pressure-loaded disc. The disc may be made of metal or carbon graphite and placed in a suitable holder..

What is Current Transformer? Basically a current transformer is a device which is directly surrounded by phase wire in three-phase system, to measure the current flowing through it. As the name suggests, this is a type of transformer. A current transformer comes under the working similarity of a step-down transformer. A current transformer (CT) converts a high voltage current flowing through its primary winding (phase wire) into a low voltage current flowing through its secondary winding (internal ammeter). The meter will then automatically scale or calibrate internally to reflect the original value.

What is Bus-Coupler? A bus-coupler is basically a component that connects several bus bars together. And it has two uses. The bus coupler can be used to supply from the first bus bar by default. If it fails, it will disconnect from the first one and take supply from the second one. Here, the load will remain disconnected for a while. In this case, two bus bars will be isolated from each other by a bus coupler. And the bus coupler will connect both bus bars simultaneously. In case of failure of the first bus bar, the load is connected through the second bus bar. It will not stop the current even for a second. Thus, in any case, you can see that a bus coupler is used to combine multiple bus bars. So, the concept of bus coupler is simple. It can either be used to connect multiple bus bars at once or to connect them only one at a time; It depends on the current usage and how long the load can withstand the power outage.

What is a bus bar? Basically a bus bar can be known as a group of conductor plates (three phases of R, Y, and B) which receives the main incoming power and distributes it to various outgoing requirements. The main incoming three-phase supply is fed to three plates of conductors. From these plates, various other smaller plates are distributed to panels or feeders which require three phase supply. It happens that you get a uniform connection and avoid a large connection to the main generator. You have only one incoming supply and can have multiple outgoing connections to the various feeders you need the supply.

What is relative humidity?  Relative basically means relating to something. It is the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere and how much water vapor the air can hold at that particular temperature. And this is the percentage of moisture in the air. But this relationship can be observed only in a certain range of temperature.

What is absolute humidity?  Basically absolute means real value. And it is the amount of water present in a given mass of air at a given temperature. Absolute humidity (AH) is obtained from the following simple formula.  AH = water vapor/air ratio.

What is hydrostatic pressure ? Essentially, hydrostatic pressure is the pressure due to the depth of the fluid, while absolute pressure is the hydrostatic pressure combined with the atmospheric pressure. Thus, hydrostatic pressure is not atmospheric pressure but absolute pressure.

What is a proportional valve? Basically defines a valve with a spool in a proportional body design. And it is a continuously variable, electrically modulated, directional control valve with more than 3% center overlap. The function of a proportional valve is to produce a smooth and continuous variation in flow or pressure proportional to the electrical input signal. Connecting the electronics to these valves must be done accurately. These valves allow infinite spool positions and result in infinitely adjustable flow volumes. Infinite spool positioning can be achieved using stroke-controlled actuators that use pneumatic cylinders with proportional valves and solenoids to control the direction and speed of motion. In the hydraulic industry, the term proportional valve refers to a specific type of valve that is very specific to a servo valve. Variable positioning of the valve allows spool design with metering notches for flow control, speed control as well as directional control in one va...

What is a Servo Valve? A servo valve essentially defines a valve design with a bushing spool assembly that has high-precision metering edges. And basically, the name servo valve is related to the word servomechanism, which means that the valve is constantly monitored to control its movement. The name proportional describes any action where only one parameter varies somewhat in relation to the other. It is a continuously variable, electrically modulated, directional control valve with less than 3% center overlap. Servo valves are used in conjunction with closed-loop systems and advanced electronics. Servo valves operate with greater accuracy, very high repeatability, minimal hysteresis and high-frequency response. But servo valves are more expensive. A servo valve or pressure control valve is generally used to control the pressure in a circuit through a directional valve in some cases. A load cell or pressure transducer detects the force or torque. A servo amplifier analyzes the feedbac...

What is a rotary pump?  Essentially a circulating pump will continuously transfer hot water in the loop while it is running. It simply takes water and discharges it at high pressure to the required points, and returns it to the line system for proper circulation. A pump has inlet and outlet openings. Both of these are in the same line with each other.  

What are the types of submersible pumps?  Types of submersible pumps is Deep well pump  Bottom suction pump  Stainless steel pump  Oil filled pump  Submersible utility pumps  Water cooler pump  Mixed and axial flow pumps

What is electric field?  Basically in an atom protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. And each conducting atom has an electric field around it. This is due to the presence of these two factors. It is positively charged while negative charge is withdrawn. So, it can also be defined as the force around an electrically charged particle.

What is a submersible pump? Basically it is a type of centrifugal pump. Instead of pulling water like normal cases, a submersible pump pushes water. It consists of a hermetically sealed motor attached to the pump body which helps in pushing the liquid to the surface. The impeller plates used in this pump are of backward curved type, which helps in pushing the water with great force. Its motor converts rotary motion into kinetic energy, and diffuser blades convert this kinetic energy into pressure energy.

What is magnetic field? A magnet basically has two poles and they are north and south. A magnet either attracts or repels. Also, if the north pole is placed around the south pole, it will attract and if the north pole is placed around the north pole, it will be repelled. The region around the magnet where the poles either attract or repel is called the magnetic field. Basically, in a magnet, the magnetic field is created either naturally as discussed earlier or also by a passing current. When an electric charge moves in space or on a conductor, its motion induces a magnetic field. Therefore, whenever a metallic object such as iron comes within the range of this magnetic field, the magnet will attract the iron towards it.

What is a pilot or air operated valve?  A pilot valve is basically the same as a solenoid valve, however, instead of an electric signal, an air pressure signal will be used to open or close the spool.

What are the benefits of smart sensors? Advantages of smart sensors is  Improve process performance Minimize maintenance by predicting equipment failure Log data for historic records and regulatory compliance Notify of anomalies that affect process quality Self-Test, Self-Calibration and Self-Diagnosis Multi-sensing capabilities High accuracy Improve processing performance

What are the different types of smart sensors?  There are basically five main types of smart sensors used in industrial automation. And they are  Level sensors  Temperature sensors  Pressure sensors  Infrared sensors  Proximity sensors

How Smart Sensors Work? Basically, a smart sensor consists of 5 basic components which are the base sensor, power supply, microprocessor, memory and communication module. A base sensor is a common sensor responsible for detecting physical quantities. A power supply is to supply power to the computing resource and perhaps to the sensor base. A microprocessor is a computing component, which enables the sensor to perform some data calculations in order to measure quantities and take action based on these analyses. Memory is dedicated to storing measured values and calculated data, and also stores the software logic that controls how the sensor handles this data. The communication module is the one that transmits and receives data between sensors and external devices over the same network or the Internet. Essentially a raw base sensor used to provide sensing capability, it is designed to measure physical quantities and produce analog signals. These analog signals need to be processed befor...

What is Smart Sensor? Basically, a smart sensor is a device that can measure a physical quantity and give an output related to the measured value just like a normal sensor, but it also has the ability to analyze some data from this measured quantity using built-in computing resources and use this data to take some action to increase the efficiency of the automation process. Use it. And smart sensors can also provide more accurate measurements, thanks to built-in computing resources that filter out any signal noise and convert the measured signal into a usable digital form without the need for transducers like normal sensors. Smart sensors have built-in communication capabilities that enable them to transmit data over the Internet or similar networks and give them the ability to communicate with external devices, which is the main reason why smart sensors are such important components in the Internet of Things.

What is Normal Sensor? Basically a normal sensor is a device capable of sensing physical quantities like temperature, pressure, flow etc. and gives an output correlated to that quantity. And this output can either be an on/off signal, i.e., a switching signal, such as a proximity sensor, or it can be an analog representation of a continuously measured physical quantity, usually in the form of millivolts or some change in resistance value, such as thermocouples or pressure sensors. A common sensor by itself will not be sufficient to be able to use this measured value in an automation system. Instead, a transducer is introduced to enable converting these measured millivolts or resistance into a usable format such as 4 to 20 mA. Then you will need a computing capability like a PLC to use these measured values in some calculations and actions for automation processes.

What is a controller? Basically the controller is used to control the entire process by getting the feedback from the sensors and modulating the actuators accordingly. And the actuators work automatically by receiving commands from the controller. The most popular type of controller is the PLC. 

What is an Actuator? Basically the actuator follows the sensor feedback and let's say you are controlling the process temperature. For example, room temperature should be maintained using chilled water. In this case, an actuator would be a modulating valve to control the flow of cooling water supply. But, real room temperature feedback will be taken by the sensor. Based on the feedback, the valve will open or close accordingly to maintain the process. Includes actuators such as valves, heaters and drives.

What is Quick Exhaust Valve (QEV)?  Essentially, the quick exhaust valve is a three-way valve that operates primarily on the differential pressure between the inlet and outlet ports. And this valve finds application where a fast stroke time is required or where air needs to be exhausted quickly from the cylinder. Quick exhaust valves are widely used in actuators and pneumatic cylinders for quick exhaust and stroking applications.

What are the benefits of HMI? Basically the benefits of HMI are  Enhanced visibility Increased functionality Reduced downtime Enhanced visibility With the ability to display all the important data related to your process in a single dashboard, the HMI gives operators enhanced visibility into their processes at all times. It helps improve productivity. Increased functionality Because the HMI provides real-time data of your process, operators can use this data to monitor production and adjust process parameters in real-time to meet changing demand. Data captured from HMI can be analyzed to help identify areas of improvement for your processes. Reduced downtime With the alarms and alerts provided by the HMI, operators can better monitor their process performance and respond quickly to failures reducing downtime. Also analyzing the data provided by the HMI can help identify areas where future problems may occur and take appropriate action.

What is HMI? Basically HMI stands for Human-Machine Interface. And it is simply a device that allows communication and data exchange between a user or operator and a machine or process. Most often an HMI is a touch screen but a simple keypad that gives orders to a process is also an HMI, the main concept being that with an HMI you can either give instructions to the process, get information about the process, or both. And HMI basically has two types Keypad HMI and Touchscreen HMI. Also HMI is widely used in industries but you can also find HMI everywhere around you, simple example of HMI is ATM and ATM is the HMI you use to withdraw your money. In industrial applications, the major functions of HMI are real-time information exchange between operators and production processes. HMI screens display data, provide visual feedback, and execute operational commands through input devices such as touch screens and keyboards.

What is the Sequential Function Chart (SFC) PLC programming language? Basically Sequential Function Chart (SFC) is another PLC programming language that uses graphical blocks for logic, but in SFC each block is called a step and your code will continue to execute the instructions within it until the transition condition is met. Allows logic to proceed to the next step. This concept is similar to a flow chart, hence the word chart in SFC. The decision to move to the next step of your SFC logic can be based on timing, a particular step in the process, or the physical state of the equipment. Unlike traditional flow charts, SFCs can have multiple paths (branches), and you can use branches to execute multiple steps at once. Some advantages of Sequential Function Charts are useful for large processes you can break down into major steps, easy online debugging, you can see exactly at which point your logic stopped, much faster to design your process. And some of the disadvantages of sequential...

What is the Instruction List (IL) PLC programming language? Basically an Instruction List (IL) is another textual language that you can use to program your PLC, as the name suggests; You can write your reasoning in this language as a list of instructions. Each command is written on a new line. IL is a low-level language and resembles assembly. You can add any comments you want at the end of each one. Some of the advantages of Instruction List (IL) are very useful for compact code, very useful for time-critical code, very fast and consumes less memory. Some of the disadvantages of instruction lists (IL) are that they are slightly more limited in terms of structuring code, are more difficult to debug and resolve errors, are more prone to run-time errors, and can lead to infinite loops.

What is Structured List (ST) PLC Programming Language? Basically Structured List (ST) is a high-level programming language like Basic, Pascal and C. It is very powerful and well suited for complex mathematical functions and data analysis tasks. And Structured List is a text-based language, so you have to write each line of code. The ST uses functions such as IF, WHILE, FOR, and CASE. Some of the advantages of Structured List are that it is suitable for complex logic and data handling tasks, very organized and good for large mathematical calculations, more flexible than ladder logic. And some disadvantages of structured lists are that the syntax can be difficult if not familiar with high-level languages like C, difficult to debug and edit online.

What is an optical pyrometer? Optical pyrometer are basically used to measure the temperature of luminous objects visible to the naked eye. And it works on the principle of matching the brightness of an object to the brightness of a filament placed inside a pyrometer. An optical pyrometer has two parts, an optical system and a detector. They can be used to measure the temperature of furnaces, molten metal and other superheated substances or liquids.

What is Radiation Pyrometer?  Basically, a radiation pyrometer detects heat radiation from a target hot object and reads and records its temperature according to the radiation intensity. They are suitable for measuring temperatures in excess of 1200oC. There are two types of radiation pyrometers available, fixed focus type radiation pyrometer and variable focus type radiation pyrometer.

What is a Non-Contact Type Temperature Transducer? Basically in non-contact type the temperature transducer sensor is not in direct contact with the substance. And the working principle behind non contact type temperature transducer is “every object with temperature above absolute zero (0 °K) emits infrared thermal energy”. They measure the temperature by sensing the thermal energy, infrared energy emitted by the object whose temperature is being measured. Non contact type temperature transducer has an optical system to collect the energy emitted by the target, the detector converts this energy into electrical signal. This is the preferred technique for small, moving, inaccessible items. A non-contact temperature gauge is also called a pyrometer. There are three types of pyrometers, radiation pyrometers, thermal imagers, and optical pyrometers.

What types of devices provide analog signals?  Basically devices like control valve, PT, LT, TT, %LEL, O2, load cell provide analog signal.

What are the different types of flow meters? Differential pressure (DP) flow meter Velocity flowmeter Positive displacement flowmeter Mass flowmeter Differential pressure (DP) flow meter Examples of DP flow meters are orifice plate, venturi meter, flow nozzle, rotameter. Velocity flowmeter Examples of velocity flow meters are electromagnetic flowmeter, ultrasonic flowmeter, turbine flowmeter, paddlewheel flow meter. Positive displacement flowmeter Examples of PD flow meters are nutting disc, rotary vane, gear, diaphragm flowmeter. Mass flowmeter Examples of mass flow meters are Coriolis flow meters, thermal dispersion meters

What is Wire Wound RTD?  Basically wire wound RTD are made using a small diameter wire, usually platinum, that is either wrapped in a coil and packed inside a ceramic mandrel, or around the outside of a ceramic housing. is wrapped and coated with an insulating material. They provide high accuracy for large temperature range.

What is PTC thermistor?   Basically PTC is known as Positive Temperature Coefficient. And in PTC, when the temperature increases, the resistance of the thermistor also increases. And when the temperature decreases, the resistance also decreases

What is NTC thermistor?  Basically NTC thermistor is known as negative temperature coefficient. And NTC thermistor works as the temperature rises, the resistance of the thermistor will decrease. And when the temperature is low the resistance will increase.

What is thermistors?  Basically thermistor is also called thermal resistor. And thermistors work on the principle that as the temperature of a resistive material changes, its resistance will also change. Although the resistance of all resistors changes slightly with the change in temperature. But thermistors are designed to be sensitive to temperature changes. They are widely used in temperature measurement because they are cheap and robust methods of temperature measurement. The thermistor has a temperature measurement range of -55°C to +115°C.

What is a contact type temperature transducer?  Basically the contact type temperature transducer is in direct contact with the process whose temperature is being measured. And there are four contact type temperature transduced is Thermistors, resistance thermometers or resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), thermocouples, integrated circuit temperature transducers.

What are the advantages of IC temperature sensor?  Basically the output of the IC temperature sensor is linear. IC sensors are very small in size. No additional circuit is required for the IC sensor. Very accurate temperature measurement. The cost is comparatively less. The IC sensor can be easily integrated with other microcontrollers

What is the IC DS18S20 temperature sensor?  Basically it produces a digital output corresponding to the temperature. It can measure temperature from -55°C to 125°C. The accuracy of IC DS18S20 ±0.5°C..

What is IC AD 590 temperature sensor? Basically it is a 2 terminal IC temperature sensor which produces a current output. And this output of AD 590 is 1 µA/K. Its output is also linear. The AD 590 has a range of -55°C to +150°C. Supply voltage between 4V to 30V.

What is IC LM 35 temperature sensor? Basically the output of this sensor is voltage. And the main advantage of this sensor is that it is calibrated directly to Celsius. This sensor output is also linear. It requires an analog to digital converter to interface with microcontrollers or microprocessors. The sensitivity of the LM 35 is 10 mV/°C. LM 35 has a range of -55°C to 150°C

What is a transducer type IC temperature sensor?  Basically it is characterized by small size, low thermal mass and fast response time. It is suitable for circuit boards for temperature monitoring and control. They are also used by computers to control CPU temperature

What is immersion type IC temperature sensor?  Basically it consists of an IC temperature probe with a solid state sensor inside a metal tube. The wall of the tube will act as a sheath for the probe. The commonly used sheath is stainless steel. Applications include automotive/industrial engine oil temperature measurement, air intake temperature monitoring, etc.

What is absolute humidity? Basically absolute means real value. It is the amount of water contained in a given mass of air at a given temperature. This means you can accurately detect the humidity in the air. Air density is an important criterion for determining absolute humidity. Absolute humidity (AH) is mathematically defined as AH = water vapor/air ratio.

What is a Shell Type Transformer? Basically a shell type transformer is one in which the core of the transformer surrounds the windings. And in this type of transformer, the core surrounds the primary and secondary windings. Therefore, they are called shell type transformers. Both the windings are wound on the central limb of the core. As you can see, the circuit has two flux paths. The central organ carries the entire magnetic flux; and the other two side limbs carry half of the flow. HV and LV winding mounting is same as discussed earlier in core type transformer. In the second image below, the red winding is the primary and the green winding is the secondary.

What is a core type transformer? Basically a core type transformer is one in which primary and secondary windings surround the transformer core. And transformers have two types of windings basically primary and secondary. The voltage is transferred from the primary to the secondary winding through the magnetic flux. And the core is the layer of metal that conducts the magnetic field and can also be called the main body of the transformer. So, in this type of transformer, windings surround the core. Hence, they are called core type transformers. The part which is twisted is also known as the limb. Both the windings are mounted on separate limbs of the core. And core type transformers have only single flux path in the circuit. Also, it is worth noting that there are two types of windings on each of the primary and secondary - low voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV). In the image below, green color is LV winding and red color is HV winding. The LV winding is placed near the core and the HV...

How does solar energy work? Frame, glass, front adhesive film, solar cell, back adhesive film, back sheet and junction box are the primary components of a complete panel. The main component here is the solar cell. It is also known as photovoltaic cell. When solar energy hits it, it generates electricity; This is called Photovoltaic Effect. This single cell is not enough to generate a lot of power. So, many cells are used together to form a panel. Additional layers of glass and adhesive act as protection for the solar cells. Solar cells are made of silicon. It is basically a semiconductor that is the cause of electricity generation. A solar cell is made up of two silicon layers. There is a positive charging layer called the p-type layer and the other is a negative charging layer called the n-type layer. The n-type layer can donate electrons and this layer resists light. The p-type layer can accept electrons and since they gain extra electrons, the area created for such electrons is call...