Justify the use of vector cardiograph in electrical activity of heart. Illustrate the significance of unipolar and bipolar electrode configuration used in ECG with neat sketch and elaborate moment artifact and transient protection circuit in detail. vector cardiograph Vector cardiography is the technique of analysing the electrical activity of heart by obtaining ECG along three axis.The display is know as vector cardiogram.This gives the representation of distribution of electrical potential generated by the heart , and produces loop type patterns on the CRT screen.The vectorcardiography examines the ECG potentials generated along the three-dimensional axes of the body. i.e., that is x, y, and z planes.The x vector is taken as the potential between two points under the arms, the y vector is between the head and right leg, and the z vector is from the front to the back of the body. significance of unipolar and bipolar electrode configuration used in ECG Unipolar Leads Well, so far we ha

  Illustrate the structure of heart with neat sketch. Suggest the suitable device to measure electrical activity of heart and elaborate with neat sketch? structure of heart The heart is roughly cone shaped hollow organ. It is approximately the size of owner’s closed fist and weighs about 250-300 gm in female and 300-350gm in the male. The heart lies in the thoracic cavity in the space between the lungs (mediastinum) anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum. The heart consists of 4 chambers. At first, the heart is divided into the right and left side by the septum. Each side is further divided into 2 chambers each by the atrioventricular valve. The upper two chambers are called atrium and lower two are called ventricles. Atrium are thin-walled chamber separated by an interauricular septum The right atrium receives impure blood from the body through the opening via superior and inferior vena cava. Ventricles are a thick-walled chamber. separated by the thick inter-ve

  Suggest the suitable transducers for measurement of respiration rate, blood pressure, cardiac output. Discuss any one application with neat sketch in detail? Suitable transducers for measurement of respiration rate The transducer is cheap, robust, and reliable. CONCLUSIONS: PEP films have the potential to be used as cheap and effective transducers in respiratory rate monitors for non-intubated patients. In the laboratory, they have many desirable characteristics which should now be evaluated in a clinical setting. Suitable transducers for measurement of blood pressure The APT300 transducer is an inexpensive pressure transducer which can be used to measure arterial blood pressures on all species, even on mice with high heart rate. Suitable transducers for measurement of cardiac output Cardiac output measurement by indicator dilution Thermodilution (by PA catheter or by PiCCO) Lithium dilution (LiDCO) Conductivity dilution using saline (the original Stewart method) Indicator dye diluti

  Illustrate a) Resting Potential, b) Action Potential, c) Depolarization and d) Repolarization in detail with neat sketch. Elaborate half cell potential in detail. Elaborate with neat sketch electrode-electrolyte interface and electrode circuit model in detail. State the electrical properties of microelectrodes. Resting Potential Resting potential, the imbalance of electrical charge that exists between the interior of electrically excitable neurons (nerve cells) and their surroundings.  If the inside of the cell becomes less negative (i.e., the potential decreases below the resting potential), the process is called depolarization. If the inside of a cell becomes more electronegative (i.e., if the potential is made greater than the resting potential), the membrane or the cell is said to be hyperpolarized.  Action Potential An action potential is defined as a sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting membrane potential. Only neurons and muscle cells are capable of

  Illustrate the significance of cell in terms of function and discuss cell structure with neat sketch.Specify the significance of biopotential electrodes. Enlist at least four biopotential electrode used in medical field and differentiate between polarizable and non-polarizable electrode? Cell A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes. Functions of Cell A cell performs these major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows: Provides Support and Structure All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. For eg., the skin is made up of a large number of cells. Xylem present in the vascular plants is made of cells that provide structural support to the plants. Facilitate Growth Mitosis In the proce

  Flow and Level Sensor   Level Sensors A  level  sensor is a device that is designed to monitor, maintain, and measure liquid (and sometimes solid) levels. Once the liquid level is detected, the sensor converts the perceived data into an electric signal.  Level  sensors are used primarily in the manufacturing and automotive industries, but they can be found in many household appliances as well, such as ice makers in refrigerators.   What is a Liquid Level Sensor? Liquid level sensors, also called liquid level switches, are designed to change state when immersed in a liquid. They are used to determine if a liquid or oil exists at a particular level in a container. Introduction   Level sensors are useful devices that are used to detect the level of substances such as liquids, powders and granular materials. There is a wide range of level sensors and they are all used in different industries. Some level sensors can be used for any fluid and others can only be used for certain substances.

  Level Sensors A level sensor is a device that is designed to monitor, maintain, and measure liquid (and sometimes solid) levels. Once the liquid level is detected, the sensor converts the perceived data into an electric signal. Level sensors are used primarily in the manufacturing and automotive industries, but they can be found in many household appliances as well, such as ice makers in refrigerators.   What is a Liquid Level Sensor? Liquid level sensors, also called liquid level switches, are designed to change state when immersed in a liquid. They are used to determine if a liquid or oil exists at a particular level in a container. Introduction   Level sensors are useful devices that are used to detect the level of substances such as liquids, powders and granular materials. There is a wide range of level sensors and they are all used in different industries. Some level sensors can be used for any fluid and others can only be used for certain substances. Level sensors are used to

  Metal detector, Water Flow & Heartbeat Sensor   Metal detector Introduction Metal detector is a device that can detect metal, the basics can make a sound when it is near some metal. Metal detectors work on the principle of transmitting a magnetic field and analysing a return signal from the target and environment. when some metals are coming close to the coil the amplitude of the reflective pulse is getting little lower and a duration of the pulse a little longer. The need for detection is very clear to protect our self from any kind of danger.  Principle of operation The operation of a metal detector is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Metal detectors contain one or more inductor coils. When metal is placed in a close proximity to a varying magnetic field (generated by the coil or coils), currents are induced in the metallic part. These current are called eddy Currents. The eddy Currents, in turn, induce their own magnetic field ( called eddy field). These f