What are Clamp-On Ammeters? Clamp-on ammeters are basically a device used to measure current. It has a jaw-type holder that can be opened or closed like a hand jaw to hold the conductor around. The jaw contains an internal current transformer. It measures current in a circuit by measuring the strength of the magnetic field around the conductor.

What is a Gas Filled Dial Thermometer? Essentially, the gas-filled dial thermometer is a measuring principle based on the volumetric temperature expansion of the gas filling in the measuring element. The measuring element is tightly connected by a capillary tube containing a measuring spring. The spring transfers the expansion of the gas filling through the movement on the dial. Gas-filled dial thermometers are used for temperatures ranging from -80°C to +600°C. The accuracy is ± 1% of full scale deflection. A gas-filled dial thermometer can be supplied with a capillary line between the measuring element and a 100 m long spring.

What is a Bimetallic Dial Thermometer? A bimetallic dial thermometer is basically a measuring element that consists of two, metal tapes, joined together. Tapes with different thermal expansion coefficients. The coiled measuring element is fixed at the end of the stem; The other side is attached to a pointer axle. Temperature changes cause the bi-metal to stretch or bend, causing the coiled component to twist. This movement is proportional to the temperature change and is shown on the dial. Bi-metal dial thermometers are used for temperatures ranging from – 50°C to +500 C. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection.

What is an absolute pressure gauge with a diaphragm? Basically, an absolute pressure gauge with a diaphragm in this type of gauge is used to measure pressure, independent of any changes in ambient pressure. The pressure chamber shall be isolated by a thin diaphragm. A chamber that will not be loaded to gauge pressure, will be evacuated to absolute vacuum. This vacuum (= absolute zero-point) is called the reference pressure. The diaphragm will be loaded with measuring pressure and will flexibly deviate from its normal position, thus transmitting the pressure through the bellows upon movement. Absolute pressure gauges are used for measuring gases and liquids; It can be aggressive too. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection. Basically, an absolute pressure gauge with a diaphragm in this type of gauge is used to measure pressure, independent of any changes in ambient pressure. The pressure chamber shall be isolated by a thin diaphragm. A chamber that will not be loaded to gauge pr

What is Differential Pressure Gauge? Basically, differential pressure means that the pressure chamber will be separated by a thin diaphragm. This diaphragm is under constant pressure from both chambers and additionally has a gauge pressure from one chamber. The diaphragm will transmit pressure differences through the bellows on movement. The movement shows a positive or negative value on the dial with a 270° angle. The bellows on the opposite side compensates the force. Differential pressure gauges are used for measuring gases and liquids; It can be aggressive too. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection. The ambient temperature should be from -20 to +60 °C; and medium temperature not exceeding +100°C.

What is chemically sealed Bourdon tube pressure gauge? Basically Borden tube gauge will be fixed on the seal. A seal consists of a defined cavity that is closed off with a thin, flexible diaphragm. The volume between this diaphragm and the Borden tube will be filled with transmission fluid after it has been completely emptied. When pressure is applied, a flexible diaphragm will use this fluid to transmit the applied pressure, thus lifting the gauge. A Borden tube transfers the measured pressure using movement on a dial with a 270° angle. As the liquid fills, the connection between the seal and the gauge should remain closed. The seal can be made in various forms and types. The gauges with seals can be used to measure pressure from -1 bar to 1000 bar. The accuracy is ± 1,0% of full scale deflection. Sealed gauges are mainly used outdoors as there is no risk of freezing. The gauge with connecting flange is suitable for highly viscous, crystalline and medium solid materials. Flat seals ma

What is a capsule pressure gauge? Basically the capsule consists of two thin, concentrically corrugated diaphragms welded or attached together. The pressure change in the capsule causes elastic deformation on both sides of the measuring element. The travel of the measuring element is proportional to the pressure being measured. It will be transmitted to a pointer using a geared movement and indicated on a dial with a 270° angle. Capsule pressure gauges are used for measuring low positive or negative values up to 600 mbar. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection. Capsule is made of Brass or SS316. and is only used to measure gases. And this ambient temperature will be -20 +60 °C; The medium temperature shall not exceed +100°C.

What is a diaphragm pressure gauge? Basically a diaphragm pressure gauge, the concentrically corrugated diaphragm would be fixed between two flanges. The diaphragm will be loaded by the process pressure on one side and will flexibly deviate from its normal position. This path is proportional to the pressure applied and will be transmitted in a rotary geared movement. The movement has a pointer and shows pressure on the dial with a 270 angle. Diaphragm pressure gauges are used to measure the pressure of gases, vapors and liquids from 40 bar and vacuum to -1 bar. The accuracy is ± 1,6% of full scale deflection. Tantalum, Hastelloy C etc. Or the diaphragm can be protected from aggressive media by using a PTFE-coated foil. The connecting part can be made or protected with suitable materials, ie SS 316L, PP, PVC, PVDF etc. Diaphragm pressure gauges with open measuring flanges are perfectly suited for media containing highly viscous, crystalline and solid substances. Diaphragm pressure gauge

What is Bourdon tube pressure gauge? Basically Bourdon tube pressure gauges will have flexible (circular) measuring elements soldered or welded into sockets; The free end is closed tightly. The change in pressure causes the deflection of the measuring element. This deflection of the free end of the Borden tube is proportional to the applied pressure and is transmitted in a rotary geared movement. This movement carries a pointer and indicates pressure on the dial with a 270° angle. Bourdon tube gauges are used to measure high pressures up to 1000 bar and vacuums of gases, vapors and liquids down to -1 bar. The accuracy is between ± 0,1% and ± 2,5% of full scale deflection. In case of aggressive media, Borden tube can be made of brass, stainless steel or Monel.

How many types of pressure gauge are there? Basically the types of pressure gauges are Bourdon tube pressure gauge, diaphragm pressure gauge, capsule pressure gauge, Bourdon tube pressure gauge with chemical seal, differential pressure gauge, absolute pressure gauge with diaphragm.

What is a Voltage Reference? Essentially voltage references are electronic components, devices or circuits that are designed to provide a constant DC (direct current) output value or constant voltage, regardless of variations in other external variables. These may include total device load, power supply variations, temperature, humidity, elapsed time, and a variety of other variables. And the types of voltage references are shunt voltage reference, series voltage reference, bandgap voltage reference.

What is Instrument Cable? Basically instrument cable is used for automation and instrumentation control. Instrument cables are thin in size and can handle only a small amount of voltage and current (typically up to 24VDC and 20 mA). All instruments, field devices and controllers like PLCs require this type of cable to control the current.

What is a power cable? Power cable is basically used for high voltage transmission. Power cables are used to handle high voltages and currents (typically up to 400 A and 32KVAC).

What materials are used in instrumentation cables? Basically the materials used in instrumentation cable are PVC, PE, XLPE, LSZH, mica tape, steel wire armouring, metal braid and lead alloy sheath.

What is a Neutral Wire? Basically you know that, in any electrical circuit, two potentials form the circuit and allow the current to flow - phase and neutral. Phase is the conducting wire which carries the current and neutral is the conducting wire which does not carry the current but completes the current path by redirecting it to the source point. So, the neutral wire is used to complete the current flow in the circuit. Without the neutral wire, current will not flow through the load. It is also known as the zero potential point. Basic load is connected to two points – phase (red line) and neutral (black line). The third point is connected to the earth. Practically, the neutral wire is connected to the ground. When the live wire carries the current to the load and the neutral wire receives the current returning from it, the neutral wire must be non-conducting, in which case it will be conductive. So, to make it non-conductive, the neutral wire is connected to the ground without a neu

What is a paddle type level switch? Basically the paddle type level switch is a very simple concept and works on the movement of the paddle. A paddle is installed underneath the sensor setup, which is driven by a small electric motor. In the absence of any media, the paddle will move freely. If exposed to any medium, more force will be needed to move the paddle. It may also happen that the paddles stop rotating. This rotational change alters the electrical output.

What is an optical level switch? Optical level switches are basically similar to radar sensors; The difference is that instead of waves, optical light is emitted. Light is transmitted and returned in a cone-shaped prism structure. This means that the light will not travel all the way to the medium, but will be confined within a structure. When there is no medium in this structure, the light will reflect back. If there is a medium present then the light will not be reflected back. This causes the electrical output to change.

What is a Radar and Laser Level Switch? Radar and laser level switches are basically non-contact switches that emit ultraviolet radar rays and microwaves to transmit and reflect waves. The waves strike the surface of the media and reflect back to the transmitter. It then measures the distance or height of the medium by measuring the time taken to transmit and receive and the speed of the wave. Velocity will be constant, but time will vary. This causes the electrical output to change.

What is a vibrating fork level switch? Basically the vibrating fork-level switch works on the principle of vibration. It uses a fork that is vibrated each time by an internal mechanism. When this fork comes in contact with media, the vibration level changes. This causes the electrical output to change.

What is an inductive level switch? Basically an inductive level switch works on the principle of electromagnetic radiation and eddy currents. This oscillator uses a resonant circuit that uses a core magnetic coil to generate a strong electromagnetic field. When this field penetrates the media, it creates eddy currents that reduce the amplitude of the oscillations. This changes the electrical output.

What is Displacer Level Switch? Basically the displacer level switch works on the principle of shifting weight. A displacer is used, which is a kind of very heavy float, which is suspended by a spring. When the media level touches the displacer and submerges it in the water, due to the buoyant force, the weight of the displacer decreases compared to the acting medium. This releases spring pressure and changes electrical output. This means that the weight of the displacer must be greater than the weight of the media in normal conditions (when the media is not touching). Only then, it will detect the weight change.

What is a conductivity level switch? Essentially, a conductance level switch works the same as a capacitance level switch; The only difference is that it works on resistance. Similar to the probe theory mentioned earlier, the difference in resistance between them (based on the media layer) changes the electrical output. It will only work if the media has some conductivity, which causes electrical resistance.

What is capacitive level switch? Basically capacitive level switch works on capacitance. Like a capacitor, a switch has an insulated electrode that acts as the first plate, and the tank wall (reference electrode) acts as the second plate. The capacity between the two varies depending on the height of the media level. As the level changes, the capacitance changes and so does the electrical output.

What is a diaphragm level switch? Basically a diaphragm level switch has a diaphragm inside the module that moves up and down depending on the applied media pressure. If the level rises, the diaphragm will move upward through the medium and lower the pressure below the face, changing the electrical output. If the level is falling, the diaphragm will move downward through the medium and change the electrical output, increasing the pressure below the face. This shows that pressure is the actuating force for this switch.

What is a float level switch? Basically float level switch is the most widely used level switch. A float level switch is either mounted or floating on the media. Suppose it floats on a liquid. When the float is in upright position or above upright position, it means the level is correct. Now, let's say the float went below the upright position. This means the level has dropped and due to this, the switch will change its electrical output. The switch has a magnet with a reed switch. It is the switch which gives the electrical signal. The switch is moved by a magnet which changes its position as per the floating level sensed.

What is a SF6 circuit breaker? SF6 is basically known as sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker. And sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker is a type of medium voltage circuit breaker. When sulfur hexafluoride gas is used to extinguish the arc, it is called an SF6 circuit breaker. This gas is known to extinguish the arc rapidly, as it has a very high dielectric strength and acts as an insulating medium. A large amount of arcing occurs when the stationary and moving contacts move away from each other during a trip or off condition. In this circuit breaker, as gas arcs in the enclosure, the dielectric strength of the gas increases during arc formation. This automatically reduces or cancels the high current generated. SF6 circuit breakers have excellent insulating properties and high electro-negativity. It is used at voltages from 33KV to 800KV.

What is the VCB? Basically the VCB is a vacuum circuit breaker. And the vacuum circuit breaker is a type of medium voltage circuit breaker. Circuit breakers are all about extinguishing high-tripping currents or arcs that occur in power-off conditions. So, when the vacuum is used to extinguish the arc, it is called a vacuum circuit breaker. VCB is used at voltages from 11KV to 33KV. A large amount of arcing occurs when the stationary and moving contacts move away from each other in a tripped or off condition. In this circuit breaker, since the arcing takes place in a vacuum enclosure, the dielectric strength of the vacuum increases during arc formation. It automatically reduces or cancels the high currents that are generated. It has dielectric recovery character, excellent interruption and can interrupt high-frequency current caused by arc instability, superimposed on line frequency current.

What is MPCB? MPCB is basically known as motor protection circuit breaker. And motor protection circuit breaker is a kind of low-voltage circuit breaker. An MPCB works similar to an MCCB, but has electrical features designed in such a way that it efficiently protects the motors against various types of faults. Also, it has an on-off switch to turn on or off the power supply to the motor. It is worth noting that an MCCB can also be used to protect motors, but it has limited motor protection functions compared to MPCB. Some of the other faults that MPCB can protect the motor from are phase loss, current imbalance and under-voltage fault. The MPCB has a special feature of auto-resetting. This allows the motor to resume its function after a certain period of time after the motor has been tripped. The MPCB has adjustable bimetallic strip for overload protection. The strip for overload protection can be adjusted to any two set values. The MPCB can also provide protection against line-to-line