Difference between HCV and LCV     HCV LCV Also known as higher heating value (HHV) or gross calorific value Also known as lower heating value (LHV) or net calorific value Byproducts are allowed to condense Byproducts are allowed to escape Amount of heat evolved when a unit weight (or volume in the case of gaseous fuels) of the fuel is completely burnt and the products of combustion cooled to the normal conditions (with water vapor condened as a result). Amount of heat evolved when a unit weight (or volume in the case of gaseous fuels) of the fuel is completely burnt and water vapor leaves with the combustion products without being condensed. Total energy released when products have cooled down to the room temperature and water has been condensed out. Energy released when products are hot. Some of the heat or energy in byproducts can be recovered through condensation. Heat or e

 What are the benefits of Process Control? The benefits of controlling or automating process are in a number of distinct area in the operation of a unit or chemical plant. Safety of workers and the community around a plant is probably concern number one or should be for most engineers as they begin to design their processes. Chemical plants have a great potential to do severe damage if something goes wrong and it is inherent the setup of process control to set boundaries on specific unit so that they don’t injure or kill workers or individuals in the community.

    Difference between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching     Circuit Switching Packet Switching Circuit switching is more reliable. Packet switching is less reliable. circuit switching there are 3 phases:- i) Connection Establishment.  ii) Data Transfer.  iii) Connection Released. In Packet switching directly data transfer takes place. Circuit switching is not convenient for handling bilateral traffic. Packet switching is suitable for handling bilateral traffic. In circuit switching, each data unit know the entire path address which is provided by the source. In Packet switching, each data unit just know the final destination address intermediate path is decided by the routers. Circuit Switching does not support store and forward transmission Packet Switching supports store and forward transmission In Circuit switching, data is processed at source system only I

    Difference between Lossy Compression and Lossless Compression     Lossy Compression Lossless Compression Lossy compression has more data-holding capacity. Lossless Compression has less data-holding capacity than Lossy compression technique. Lossy compression is the method which eliminate the data which is not noticeable. While Lossless Compression does not eliminate the data which is not noticeable. In Lossy compression, Data’s quality is compromised. But Lossless Compression does not compromise the data’s quality. In Lossy compression, A file does not restore or rebuilt in its original form. While in Lossless Compression, A file can be restored in its original form. Lossy compression reduces the size of data. But Lossless Compression does not reduce the size of data. Lossy compression is used in Images, audio, video. Lossless Compression is used in Text, images

    Data Parallelisms And Temporal Parallelisms     Data Parallelisms Temporal Parallelisms Same task are performed on different subsets of same data. Different task are performed on the same data. Synchronous computation is performed. Parallel computation is performed. Is a parallelization across multiple computing environment As three people Work in the common time it is called temporal Parallelisms Amount of parallelization is proportional to the input size. Amount of parallelization is proportional to the number of independent tasks is performed. As there is only one execution thread operating on all sets of data, so the speedup is more. As each processor will execute a different thread or process on the same or different set of data, so speedup is less. It is designed for optimum load balance on multiprocessor system. Here, load balancing depends upon on the e

  Instrumentation Used For Nuclear Reactor Nuclear reactor Require extremely reliable Instrumentation for the control and monitoring of the various complex operating systems   instrumentations to measuring the neutron fission, the neutron dose, the flux, the reactor fission rate, and temperature are discussed. Here instrumentations contain Micro-Me-gas detectors, noise thermometer, tissue equivalent proportional counter, high-temperature thermocouples, liquid scintillation detector, spectrometers, optical fiber sensors, Uranium Fission chamber, Plutonium Fission chamber, Self-Powered Neutron Detector, Ionization chamber, Self-Powered Gamma Detector, Differential calorimeter, Gamma Thermometer, and Optical Fiber Sensors, and so forth.

  what is the difference between transmitter and converter ? Answer: Transmitter includes transducer(like strain gauge, capacitance sensor, etc) which converts one form of energy into a readable signal which might be 4-20mA, then transmitter itself will transmit that signal to controller, on the over hand, converter converts one form of signal into another form, for example 3-15psi into 4-20mA.

  Top 8051 Microcontroller Interview Questions And Answers      1. What is 8051 Microcontroller ? Answer: The Intel 8051 microcontroller is one of the most popular general-purpose microcontrollers in use today. It is an 8-bit family of microcontroller developed by Intel in the year 1981. This microcontroller was also referred to as “system on a chip” because it has 128 bytes of RAM, 4Kbytes of ROM, 2 Timers, 1 Serial port, and four ports on a single chip. 8051 microcontroller allows CPU to work on 8bits of data at a time.n case the data is larger than 8 bits then it has to be broken into parts so that the CPU can process conveniently. 2. What are applications of 8051 microcontrollers? Answer: The constant growth in information technology has provided many benefits of making use of a microcontroller, integrated circuits, embedded chips, microprocessors, etc. With these technologies, work is done faster and complexity is reduced. The 88051 microcontrollers are used in electronic and

  Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) Interview Question and Answers 1. What Is Plc? Answer:  PLC means Programmable Logic Controller. It is a class of industrially hardened devices that provides hardware interface for input sensors and output control element. The field I/p include element like limit switches, sensors, push button and the final control elements like actuator,  solenoid/control valves, drives, hooters etc. PLC Senses the input through I/P modules, Processes the logic through CPU and memory and gives output through output module. 2. Applications Of Plc? Answer:  PLC can be used in almost all industrial application solutions right from small machine to large manufacturing plants. Even it caters applications of redundant systems at critical process plants. 3. Explain The Role Of Plc In Automation ? Answer:  PLC plays most important role in automation. All the monitoring as well as the control actions are taken by PLCs. P

  Instrumentation and Control Engineering Interview Question and Answers 1. What Is Instrumentation Control? Answer: In addition to measuring field parameters, instrumentation is also responsible for providing the ability to modify some field parameters. Some examples include :- Device Field Parameter(s) Valve Flow, Pressure Relay Voltage, Current Solenoid Physical Location, Level Circuit breaker Voltage, Current. 2. What Is Instrumentation Engineering? Answer: Instrumentation engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments which are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc. They typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization and stability. Read also:- Instrumentation and control engineering   3. What Is Instrumentation? Answer: The technolo

  Automotive Driverless train driving The automotive Automotive Driverless train driving system is one of the recent technologies used in train travel systems. Basically, this system means that the train will run without drivers. It is guided by LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology. It is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of pulsed radar to measure ranges. It has various optical sensors and other types of laser-guided instruments which makes the vehicle to move automatically over a designated path. They run on a virtual or marked track and are monitored by a central control system like SCADA or DCS. Advanced levels of programming are done which ensures that the train follows its path without the need of a driver. This also automatically reduces the number of errors. This ensures that the safety and reliability of the system are maintained in a proper way. Just like an automated guided vehicle used in factories that run without drivers and on marked trains, a

  What is wireless charging? Wireless charging is a technology that charges devices without using connectors or metal contacts. This is also referred to as non-contact charging, non-contact power transmission, and wireless power supply. Wireless charging technology is attracting increased attention by eliminating the need for power cords when charging. This is expected to increase connector safety and resistance to dust and water while enabling multiple devices to be charged using a single charger.

  What Is A Circuit? An electronic circuit is a circular path of conductors by which electric current can flow.  A closed circuit is like a circle because it starts and ends at the same point forming a complete loop. Furthermore, a closed circuit allows electricity to flow from the (+) power to the (-) ground uninterrupted. In contrast, if there is any break in the flow of electricity, this is known as an open circuit.

  Electromagnetic Induction When a conductor moves through a stationary magnetic field or a conductor is placed in a changing magnetic field, a voltage is developed across the conductor which in turns creates an electric current in the conductor. This process of creating current through changing magnetic field is called as electromagnetic induction and the current thus formed is called induced current. A figure showing the creation of electromagnetic induction when a wire is placed in a magnetic field is given below: Faraday's laws of Electromagnetic Induction These laws were formulated by an English physicist named Michael Faraday. Faraday's laws are the basic laws of electromagnetism. The working principle of most of electronic motors, transformers, generators and inductors etc is based on these laws. Faraday's First Law This law between gives the relationship induced current and electromotive force. This law states that when there is a change in the magnetic flux associa