What is Pt 100?  Basically that A platinum resistance temperature detector (PRTD) has a resistance of 100Ω at 0°C with a temperature coefficient of 0.00385Ω/°C.

Chromatography Multiple Choice Questions and Answers 1. In Thin layer chromatography, the stationary phase is made of _________ and the mobile phase is made of _________ a) Solid, liquid b) Liquid, liquid c) Liquid, gas d) Solid, gas Answer: Solid, liquid. 2. Chromatography is a physical method that is used to separate and analyse __________ a) Simple mixtures b) Complex mixtures c) Viscous mixtures d) Metals Answer: Complex mixtures. 3. In Gas-liquid phase chromatography, the stationary phase is composed of _________ and the mobile phase is made of _________ a) Solid, liquid b) Liquid, liquid c) Liquid, gas d) Solid, gas Answer: Liquid, gas. 4. In Column chromatography, the stationary phase is made of _________ and the mobile phase is made of _________ a) Solid, liquid b) Liquid, liquid c) Liquid, gas d) Solid, gas Answer: Solid, liquid. 5. In chromatography, the stationary phase can be ___________ supported on a solid. a) Solid or liquid b) Liquid or gas c) Solid only d) Liquid only

What is the application of bimetallic strips?  Bimetallic thermometers basically use bimetallic strips to measure local temperatures in process industries. And spiral bimetallic strips are used in air conditioning thermostats. And it is used for simple on/off switching applications.

What is thermal conductivity?  Thermal conduction is basically the flow or transfer of heat from a high-temperature region to a low-temperature region.

What is absolute zero?  Essentially, absolute zero is a temperature at which there is no molecular motion in the system. And at absolute zero, the energy of the molecule is zero.

Colorimetry and Spectrometry Multiple Choice Questions and Answers 1. Beer’s law states that the intensity of light decreases with respect to ___________ a) Concentration b) Distance c) Composition d) Volume Answer: Concentration. 2. Laminar flow burner used in Flame photometers is also known as ____________ a) Turbulent burner b) Premix burner c) Total consumption burner d) Nozzle mix burner Answer: Premix burner. 3. Bolometer, a type of detector, is also known as ___________ a) Resistance temperature detector (RTD) b) Thermistor c) Thermocouple d) Golay cell Answer: Thermistor. 4. Lambert’s law states that the intensity of light decreases with respect to __________ a) Concentration b) Distance c) Composition d) Volume Answer: Distance. 5. In Michelson’s interferometer, the __________ of the detector output will depend upon the intensity of incoming radiation. a) Velocity b) Frequency c) Amplitude d) Phase Answer: Amplitude. 6. In Flame emission photometers, the measurement of _______

What are the different temperature scales?   The basic temperature measurements are Fahrenheit (°F), Celsius or Centigrade (°C), Rankine (°R) and Kelvin (K).

What is heat?  Heat is basically a form of energy. When heat is applied to a body, the amplitude of vibration of its molecules increases. It increases body temperature. The rise in temperature is always proportional to the heat energy of the system. 

What is temperature?  Temperature is a measure of heat generated by the constant motion of molecular particles in a body. And temperature describes the relative hotness or coldness of a body by which it can give off or receive energy from other bodies.

What is a decoder?  Decoder   Basically a decoder is a combinational logic circuit used to convert a piece of coded information into another signal pattern. And the decoder converts 'n' number of inputs into 'm = 2^n' number of unique outputs. Such decoders are generally described as N-line to M-line decoders. A decoder has only one high output for any given code. This is the opposite of an encoder and a special case of a demultiplexer without an input line. And the decoder can be used to perform code conversions or to detect the presence of a particular binary state and thereby activate other circuits based on the input. And simplest decoder is a single logic gate such as an AND or NAND gate with an input inverter, whose outputs are active when the all inputs are high. When combined with an inverter, a NAND or AND gate can produce an output for a unique combination of inputs. So, the decoder used in practical applications is an extension of the simplest decoder and con

McLeod Gage Originally the McLeod gauge was developed to increase the low pressure and significantly increase the range of vacuum measurement. Commonly MacLeod gauges measure vacuum pressures in the range of 10–1 and 10–5 Torr. It can be used as a primary standard device to calibrate other low-pressure gauges. Working Principle of McLeod Gage A McLeod gauge is essentially a mercury manometer in which a volume of gas is compressed prior to measurement. And the McLeod gauge operates by compressing a known volume of low-pressure gas into a smaller volume so that its pressure is high enough to read. The resulting final volume as well as the pressure indicate the low pressure applied. And the Macleod gauge function is based on Boyle's law.  pV = pcVc  where,  p and V  is pressure and volume of gas before pressure  pc and Vc is pressure and volume of the gas after compression Construction of McLeod Gage The McLeod gauge consists of a reservoir containing mercury. A plunger is attached to

Self Adaptive Control Basically self-adaptive control is one of the major types of the adaptive control. And it is comparable to the feedback compensation because the adaptation of controller parameters is based on the closed-loop performance measurement and the objective is to optimize it using process reference models or estimation techniques. In self-adaptive control, the controller parameters are generated for each process condition and are the  not programmed as in the case of programmed adaptive control. The parameter adjustment loop searches for optimal values ​​for the controller parameters on-line. Types of Self Adaptive Control Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC). Self Tuning Regulator (STR). Model Reference Adaptive Control  Model Reference Adaptive Control is also known as the MRAC. Basically  process parameters are unknown or vary with time, an adaptive control scheme known as the model reference adaptive control (MRAC) is applied to achieve as well as maintain the des

What is a node?  Basically a node is a junction where two or more circuit elements are connected together. And it has two types, minor node and major node. A minor node is a point at which only two elements are connected together. And a major node is the point at which three or more elements are joined together.

What is a network component?  Basically a network element is any circuit element with two terminals that can be connected to other circuit elements. 

What is load?  Basically a load is a device that consumes electrical energy like lamp, motor, heater.