Hearing loss   What does hearing loss mean?   Majority of the human beings are able to hear sounds from a particular range. An individual is said to have hearing loss when he/she is unable to hear that commonly known range of sounds without any aid. common types of Hearing Loss   Conductive   When hearing loss is due to problems with the ear canal, ear drum, or middle ear and its little bones. Sensory Neural When hearing loss is due to problems of the inner ear, also known as nerve-related hearing loss. Mixed In this type of hearing loss, there may be damage in the outer or middle ear and in the inner ear (cochlea) or auditory nerve. Degrees of Hearing Loss Mild hearing loss With a mild hearing loss difficulty will occur for soft speech and listening in background noise. Moderate hearing loss With a moderate hearing loss one experiences difficulty hearing conversations, especially while in background noise. The TV or radio may be turned to higher levels also in order to be heard clearl

Blood pressure What is blood pressure ? Blood pressure is a measure of the force that your heart uses to pump blood around your body. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the wall of blood vessel Unit of blood pressure units are millimeters of mercury (mmHg) . What is Systolic blood pressure ? is force exerted by arterial walls during systole. It is the maximum pressure during ventricle contraction What is Diastolic blood pressure ?  is the force exerted by blood against arterial wall during diastole. It is the maximum pressure when the ventricles are relaxed Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm of Hg Systolic pressure is 120 mmHg & diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg Pulse pressure Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic & diastolic pressure Normally, The pulse pressure is 40 mmHg Cardiac output It is the amount of blood ejected by heart in 1 minute Stroke volume It is the amount of blood ejected by heart in 1 cycle. Normally heart eject 70-80 ml blood in

  Biomedical Instrumentation Devices information Electrodes Many medical instruments are electronic devices and thus it should a electrical signal for an input. In the cases where biopotential may acquire, some form of electrodes used between patient and instrument. Medical Electrodes: There are few electrodes, ECG Electrodes: 1) Plate electrode 2) Suction Cup electrode 3) Needle electrode Plate Electrode It is use to connect patients extremities to ECG input amplifier. It consists of a binding attached to 3cm*5cm metallic plate. The plate is attached and held in placed against the patient’s skin by rubber strap surrounding the extremity. Suction Cup Electrode This is also use the same type of material as the electrode but us used in connecting the portion of body other than the extremities. Most frequently the suction cup electrode is connected to the patient’s chest electrode. A few advanced ECG machines also require a connection to the patient’s face or head and

  What is normal blood pressure? Blood pressure is a measurement of the force applied to the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. The pressure is determined by the force and amount of blood pumped, and the size and flexibility of the arteries. Blood pressure is continually changing depending on activity, temperature, diet, emotional state, posture, physical state, and medication use. The ventricles of heart have two states: systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation). During diastole  blood fills the ventricles and during systole the blood is pushed out of the heart into the arteries. The auricles contract anti-phase to the ventricles and chiefly serve to optimally fill the ventricles  with blood. The corresponding pressure related to these states are referred to as systolic pressure and diastolic pressure The range of systolic pressure can be from 90 mm of Hg to 145mm of Hg with the average being 120 mm of Hg. The diastolic pressure typically varies fro

  What is normal blood pressure? Blood pressure is a measurement of the force applied to the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. The pressure is determined by the force and amount of blood pumped, and the size and flexibility of the arteries. Blood pressure is continually changing depending on activity, temperature, diet, emotional state, posture, physical state, and medication use. The ventricles of heart have two states: systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation). During diastole  blood fills the ventricles and during systole the blood is pushed out of the heart into the arteries. The auricles contract anti-phase to the ventricles and chiefly serve to optimally fill the ventricles  with blood. The corresponding pressure related to these states are referred to as systolic pressure and diastolic pressure The range of systolic pressure can be from 90 mm of Hg to 145mm of Hg with the average being 120 mm of Hg. The diastolic pressure typically varies fro

Cell A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes. Functions of Cell A cell performs these major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows: Provides Support and Structure All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. For eg., the skin is made up of a large number of cells. Xylem present in the vascular plants is made of cells that provide structural support to the plants. Facilitate Growth Mitosis In the process of mitosis, the parent cell divides into the daughter cells. Thus, the cells multiply and facilitate the growth in an organism. Allows Transport of Substances Various nutrients are imported by the cells to carry out various chemical processes going on inside the cells. The waste produced

Justify the use of vector cardiograph in electrical activity of heart. Illustrate the significance of unipolar and bipolar electrode configuration used in ECG with neat sketch and elaborate moment artifact and transient protection circuit in detail. vector cardiograph Vector cardiography is the technique of analysing the electrical activity of heart by obtaining ECG along three axis.The display is know as vector cardiogram.This gives the representation of distribution of electrical potential generated by the heart , and produces loop type patterns on the CRT screen.The vectorcardiography examines the ECG potentials generated along the three-dimensional axes of the body. i.e., that is x, y, and z planes.The x vector is taken as the potential between two points under the arms, the y vector is between the head and right leg, and the z vector is from the front to the back of the body. significance of unipolar and bipolar electrode configuration used in ECG Unipolar Leads Well, so far we ha

  Illustrate the structure of heart with neat sketch. Suggest the suitable device to measure electrical activity of heart and elaborate with neat sketch? structure of heart The heart is roughly cone shaped hollow organ. It is approximately the size of owner’s closed fist and weighs about 250-300 gm in female and 300-350gm in the male. The heart lies in the thoracic cavity in the space between the lungs (mediastinum) anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum. The heart consists of 4 chambers. At first, the heart is divided into the right and left side by the septum. Each side is further divided into 2 chambers each by the atrioventricular valve. The upper two chambers are called atrium and lower two are called ventricles. Atrium are thin-walled chamber separated by an interauricular septum The right atrium receives impure blood from the body through the opening via superior and inferior vena cava. Ventricles are a thick-walled chamber. separated by the thick inter-ve

  Suggest the suitable transducers for measurement of respiration rate, blood pressure, cardiac output. Discuss any one application with neat sketch in detail? Suitable transducers for measurement of respiration rate The transducer is cheap, robust, and reliable. CONCLUSIONS: PEP films have the potential to be used as cheap and effective transducers in respiratory rate monitors for non-intubated patients. In the laboratory, they have many desirable characteristics which should now be evaluated in a clinical setting. Suitable transducers for measurement of blood pressure The APT300 transducer is an inexpensive pressure transducer which can be used to measure arterial blood pressures on all species, even on mice with high heart rate. Suitable transducers for measurement of cardiac output Cardiac output measurement by indicator dilution Thermodilution (by PA catheter or by PiCCO) Lithium dilution (LiDCO) Conductivity dilution using saline (the original Stewart method) Indicator dye diluti

  Illustrate a) Resting Potential, b) Action Potential, c) Depolarization and d) Repolarization in detail with neat sketch. Elaborate half cell potential in detail. Elaborate with neat sketch electrode-electrolyte interface and electrode circuit model in detail. State the electrical properties of microelectrodes. Resting Potential Resting potential, the imbalance of electrical charge that exists between the interior of electrically excitable neurons (nerve cells) and their surroundings.  If the inside of the cell becomes less negative (i.e., the potential decreases below the resting potential), the process is called depolarization. If the inside of a cell becomes more electronegative (i.e., if the potential is made greater than the resting potential), the membrane or the cell is said to be hyperpolarized.  Action Potential An action potential is defined as a sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting membrane potential. Only neurons and muscle cells are capable of

  Illustrate the significance of cell in terms of function and discuss cell structure with neat sketch.Specify the significance of biopotential electrodes. Enlist at least four biopotential electrode used in medical field and differentiate between polarizable and non-polarizable electrode? Cell A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes. Functions of Cell A cell performs these major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows: Provides Support and Structure All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. For eg., the skin is made up of a large number of cells. Xylem present in the vascular plants is made of cells that provide structural support to the plants. Facilitate Growth Mitosis In the proce