What is Current Transformer? Basically a current transformer is a device which is directly surrounded by phase wire in three-phase system, to measure the current flowing through it. As the name suggests, this is a type of transformer. A current transformer comes under the working similarity of a step-down transformer. A current transformer (CT) converts a high voltage current flowing through its primary winding (phase wire) into a low voltage current flowing through its secondary winding (internal ammeter). The meter will then automatically scale or calibrate internally to reflect the original value.

What is Bus-Coupler? A bus-coupler is basically a component that connects several bus bars together. And it has two uses. The bus coupler can be used to supply from the first bus bar by default. If it fails, it will disconnect from the first one and take supply from the second one. Here, the load will remain disconnected for a while. In this case, two bus bars will be isolated from each other by a bus coupler. And the bus coupler will connect both bus bars simultaneously. In case of failure of the first bus bar, the load is connected through the second bus bar. It will not stop the current even for a second. Thus, in any case, you can see that a bus coupler is used to combine multiple bus bars. So, the concept of bus coupler is simple. It can either be used to connect multiple bus bars at once or to connect them only one at a time; It depends on the current usage and how long the load can withstand the power outage.

What is a bus bar? Basically a bus bar can be known as a group of conductor plates (three phases of R, Y, and B) which receives the main incoming power and distributes it to various outgoing requirements. The main incoming three-phase supply is fed to three plates of conductors. From these plates, various other smaller plates are distributed to panels or feeders which require three phase supply. It happens that you get a uniform connection and avoid a large connection to the main generator. You have only one incoming supply and can have multiple outgoing connections to the various feeders you need the supply.

What is electric field?  Basically in an atom protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. And each conducting atom has an electric field around it. This is due to the presence of these two factors. It is positively charged while negative charge is withdrawn. So, it can also be defined as the force around an electrically charged particle.

What is magnetic field? A magnet basically has two poles and they are north and south. A magnet either attracts or repels. Also, if the north pole is placed around the south pole, it will attract and if the north pole is placed around the north pole, it will be repelled. The region around the magnet where the poles either attract or repel is called the magnetic field. Basically, in a magnet, the magnetic field is created either naturally as discussed earlier or also by a passing current. When an electric charge moves in space or on a conductor, its motion induces a magnetic field. Therefore, whenever a metallic object such as iron comes within the range of this magnetic field, the magnet will attract the iron towards it.

What is a Shell Type Transformer? Basically a shell type transformer is one in which the core of the transformer surrounds the windings. And in this type of transformer, the core surrounds the primary and secondary windings. Therefore, they are called shell type transformers. Both the windings are wound on the central limb of the core. As you can see, the circuit has two flux paths. The central organ carries the entire magnetic flux; and the other two side limbs carry half of the flow. HV and LV winding mounting is same as discussed earlier in core type transformer. In the second image below, the red winding is the primary and the green winding is the secondary.

What is a core type transformer? Basically a core type transformer is one in which primary and secondary windings surround the transformer core. And transformers have two types of windings basically primary and secondary. The voltage is transferred from the primary to the secondary winding through the magnetic flux. And the core is the layer of metal that conducts the magnetic field and can also be called the main body of the transformer. So, in this type of transformer, windings surround the core. Hence, they are called core type transformers. The part which is twisted is also known as the limb. Both the windings are mounted on separate limbs of the core. And core type transformers have only single flux path in the circuit. Also, it is worth noting that there are two types of windings on each of the primary and secondary - low voltage (LV) and high voltage (HV). In the image below, green color is LV winding and red color is HV winding. The LV winding is placed near the core and the HV

How does solar energy work? Frame, glass, front adhesive film, solar cell, back adhesive film, back sheet and junction box are the primary components of a complete panel. The main component here is the solar cell. It is also known as photovoltaic cell. When solar energy hits it, it generates electricity; This is called Photovoltaic Effect. This single cell is not enough to generate a lot of power. So, many cells are used together to form a panel. Additional layers of glass and adhesive act as protection for the solar cells. Solar cells are made of silicon. It is basically a semiconductor that is the cause of electricity generation. A solar cell is made up of two silicon layers. There is a positive charging layer called the p-type layer and the other is a negative charging layer called the n-type layer. The n-type layer can donate electrons and this layer resists light. The p-type layer can accept electrons and since they gain extra electrons, the area created for such electrons is call

What are transparent solar panels? Basically, conventional solar energy conversion uses common solar panels (solar photovoltaic panels). However, transparent solar panels use plain glass as the panel. And since glass is transparent, it is coated and made with special materials to allow the photovoltaic effect to pass through. This keeps the glass transparent and converts solar energy into electricity. So, you can imagine that every piece of glass, from window frames to automobile windows, can be used as solar panels. Therefore, no additional land space or roof is required to install solar panels. A building with this type of glass windows will generate electricity automatically. So, you can literally turn any sheet of glass or window into a photovoltaic cell. All light is made up of electromagnetic radiation spread across a spectrum of wavelengths, each containing energy that can potentially be extracted by a solar cell. However, the human eye can detect only a fraction of the waveleng

What is the relationship between electric current and voltage? Basically voltage is directly proportional to current (V = I * R) but in case of continuous power sourcing we find that any change in the amount of supplied current affects the supplied voltage. This means that if a transformer is supplying constant power (P) to an electrical system, changing the electrical load (motors, actuators) will affect the supplied voltage (P = V * I). So, in case of high load, we get system voltage drop and in case of low load, system voltage increases as P = V*I.

What is an industrial robot? An industrial robot is basically a general-purpose, programmable machine with anthropomorphic or human-like characteristics. And designed for multi-functional operations to move materials, parts, tools or special equipment through variable programmed movements for the performance of various tasks. Generally speaking, robots are designed and controlled by a computer or similar device. The movements of the robot are controlled by a controller with the help of a program supervised by a computer. Thus, the programming feature allows robots to be used for various industrial operations.

What are the types of voltage references? Types of voltage references is  Shunt voltage reference Series voltage reference Bandgap voltage reference Shunt voltage reference Basically shunt voltage references are two-terminal types designed to operate in parallel with their load over a specific current range. When not in use, the shunt removes enough current to achieve the correct output voltage while reducing the reference voltage drop. Under load, however, it will automatically decrease the sink current to maintain a constant throughput. And as a result, the shunt voltage reference will effectively regulate the output voltage by changing its sink current to accommodate load fluctuations. In practice, this approach is functionally equivalent to the one used in Zener diodes. Shunt voltage references in a small and simple PCB footprint demonstrate very good stability and accuracy over a wide range of variable current and load conditions. Moreover, as a negative voltage reference, a shunt

What is the voltage reference? Basically voltage references are electronic components, devices or circuits designed to provide a constant direct current output value or a constant voltage regardless of variations in other external variables. These may include total equipment load, power supply variations, temperature, humidity, elapsed time, and various other variables.

What is Variable Frequency Drive? Basically variable frequency drives are also called AC drives. And another name of AC drive is variable frequency drive as well as variable speed drive. A variable frequency drive is a type of motor controller that drives an electric motor by changing the frequency and voltage of its power supply. And the variable frequency drive also has the ability to control the ramp-up and ramp-down of the motor during start or stop respectively.

What is air circuit breaker? Basically Air Circuit Breaker is also known as ACB and circuit breakers are all about extinguishing high-tripping currents or arc generated during power off condition. When the fixed and moving contacts in a circuit breaker are separated from each other during trip or off condition, a large amount of arc is generated. Hence, when air is used to extinguish the arc, it is known as an air circuit breaker. Air circuit breakers also use compressed air to blow out the arc, or alternatively, the contacts are rapidly rotated in a small sealed chamber to allow the displaced air to escape, thus blowing the arc. But, it must be known that the air used is operating at normal atmospheric pressure.

What is circuit breaker? Basically circuit breaker is an essential part of electrical circuit. And it is a device which is used as a protective switch for passing electric current with checking of tripping conditions. Usually the circuit breaker detects a trip condition, the breaker opens its contact and separates the input as well as the output voltage from each other contact. So, the basic function of a circuit breaker is to interrupt the current flow once a fault is detected. It remains open until the user resets the trip.

What is the working principle of transformer bushing?  Working principle of transformer bushing  Basically a bushing consists of several components. But we will take a general look at the main working principle. It mainly consists of an insulated body, into which the conductor passes. The insulation is usually made of porcelain or capacitance-grade material because it increases the dielectric strength. There is a space between the insulation body and the conductor. This space is filled with electrical-grade mineral oil, which has excellent insulation properties. It prevents direct contact between insulator and conductor. Porcelain is used because it handles a lot of electrical stress. Basically the same theory goes with capacitance-graded materials. Because high voltage stress can break low quality insulation very easily, it is important to use this type of material. Also, they have excellent mechanical strength, which increases the life of the bushing. Oil is properly filled in propor

What is Transformer and Transformer Bushing? What is a transformer?  Basically a transformer is a device which is used to step up or step down the voltage as required. Transformers are required in power transmission and generation stages, with high voltages. Since the transformer works at very high voltage, it is also necessary to take care that it works properly without any leakage or damage. And the transformer has one component that helps it to function properly, that component is the bushing. And without bushings, it is not possible to operate the transformer in any high-voltage condition and that generally in KV. What is Transformer Bushing?  A bushing is basically an electrical insulator that allows the safe passage of electrical conductor current. It is similar to any insulator around the conductor, which helps prevent any untoward incident from occurring. A transformer has two windings - primary and secondary (HV and LV). It makes connections with external wires to conduct elec

What is Oil Circuit Breaker?  Basically an oil circuit breaker is a type of high-voltage circuit breaker. When oil is used to extinguish the arc, it is known as an oil circuit breaker. In this type of circuit breaker, oil is used, but mineral oil is preferable. It performs better in insulating properties than air. The rotating contact and the fixed contact are immersed in insulating oil. When the arc forms, the oil vaporizes and decomposes into hydrogen gas. It eventually forms a hydrogen bubble around the bracket. This highly compressed gas bubble prevents the arc from striking again after the current reaches the zero crossing of the arc cycle.

What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?  SF6 circuit breaker is basically known as sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker and is a type of medium voltage circuit breaker. When sulfur hexafluoride gas is used to extinguish the arc, it is known as SF6 circuit breaker. This gas is known to extinguish the arc rapidly, as it has a very high dielectric strength and acts as an insulating medium. A large amount of arcing occurs when the fixed and moving contacts move away from each other during a trip or off condition. In SF6 circuit breakers, since the gas enclosure is arcing, the dielectric strength of the gas increases during arc formation. This automatically reduces or cancels the high current generated. SF6 circuit breakers have excellent insulating properties and high electro-negativity. It is used at voltages from 33KV to 800KV.