Water Flow Water flow sensors are installed at the water source or pipes to measure the rate of flow of water and calculate the amount of water flowed through the pipe. Rate of flow of water is measured as liters per hour or cubic meters. Water flow sensor consists of a copper body, a water rotor, and a hall-effect sensor. When water flows through the rotor, rotor rolls, its speed changes with different rate of flow. Introduction Flow is defined as the quantity of fluid (gas, liquid, vapour or sublimate) that passes a point per unit time It can be presented by a simple equation: Flow (Q) = quantity/time It is the rate of change of a quantity. It is either volumetric or mass flow rate. Properties Affecting Fluid Flow Velocity of Fluid – the fluid speed in the direction of flow. The fluid velocity depends on the head pressure that is forcing the fluid through the pipe. The greater head pressure, the faster fluid will flow. Pipe size – the larger the pipe, the greater the potenti...

  Metal detector Introduction Metal detector is a device that can detect metal, the basics can make a sound when it is near some metal. Metal detectors work on the principle of transmitting a magnetic field and analysing a return signal from the target and environment. when some metals are coming close to the coil the amplitude of the reflective pulse is getting little lower and a duration of the pulse a little longer. The need for detection is very clear to protect our self from any kind of danger.  Principle of operation The operation of a metal detector is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Metal detectors contain one or more inductor coils. When metal is placed in a close proximity to a varying magnetic field (generated by the coil or coils), currents are induced in the metallic part. These current are called eddy Currents. The eddy Currents, in turn, induce their own magnetic field ( called eddy field). These fields act in such a direction as to oppose t...

  PIR Motion Detector & Vibration Sensor   PIR Motion Detector What is a PIR Sensor? PIR sensor detects a human being moving around within approximately 10m from the sensor. This is an average value, as the actual detection range is between 5m and 12m.PIR are fundamentally made of a pyro electric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. For numerous essential projects or items that need to discover when an individual has left or entered the area. PIR sensors are incredible, they are flat control and minimal effort, have a wide lens range, and are simple to interface with. Most PIR sensors have a 3-pin connection at the side or bottom. One pin will be ground, another will be signal and the last pin will be power. Power is usually up to 5V. Sometimes bigger modules don’t have direct output and instead just operate a relay which case there is ground, power and the two switch associations. Interfacing PIR with microcontroller is very easy and simple. The PIR acts...

  Vibration Sensor The vibration sensor is also called a piezoelectric sensor. These sensors are flexible devices which are used for measuring various processes. This sensor uses the piezoelectric effects while measuring the changes within acceleration, pressure, temperature, force otherwise strain by changing to an electrical charge.  What is a Vibration Sensor? The vibration sensor is also called a piezoelectric sensor. These sensors are flexible devices which are used for measuring various processes. This sensor uses the piezoelectric effects while measuring the changes within acceleration, pressure, temperature, force otherwise strain by changing to an electrical charge. This sensor is also used for deciding fragrances within the air by immediately measuring capacitance as well as quality. Vibration Sensor Working Principle The working principle of vibration sensor is a sensor which operates based on different optical otherwise mechanical principles for detecting observed ...

  PIR Motion Detector What is a PIR Sensor? PIR sensor detects a human being moving around within approximately 10m from the sensor. This is an average value, as the actual detection range is between 5m and 12m.PIR are fundamentally made of a pyro electric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. For numerous essential projects or items that need to discover when an individual has left or entered the area. PIR sensors are incredible, they are flat control and minimal effort, have a wide lens range, and are simple to interface with. Most PIR sensors have a 3-pin connection at the side or bottom. One pin will be ground, another will be signal and the last pin will be power. Power is usually up to 5V. Sometimes bigger modules don’t have direct output and instead just operate a relay which case there is ground, power and the two switch associations. Interfacing PIR with microcontroller is very easy and simple. The PIR acts as a digital output so all you need to do is list...

  Tilt Sensor Tilt sensors are devices that produce an electrical signal that varies with an angular movement. These sensors are used to measure slope and tilt within a limited range of motion. Sometimes, the tilt sensors are referred to as inclinometers because the sensors just generate a signal but inclinometers generate both readout and a signal. Introduction A tilt sensor is an instrument that is used for measuring the tilt in multiple axes of a reference plane. Tilt sensors measure the tilting position with reference to gravity and are used in numerous applications. They enable the easy detection of orientation or inclination. Similar to mercury switches, they may also be known as tilt switches or rolling ball sensors. These instruments have become gradually more popular and are being adapted for increasing numbers of high end applications. For example, the sensor provides valuable information about both the vertical and horizontal inclination of an airplane, which helps the...

Touch Sensor Introduction A sensor that is capable enough of capturing and recording the physical touch made by the operator can be defined as a touch sensor. Further, it is also referred to as a touch detector. Other than touch, it can capture a certain extent of proximity without direct interaction or physical contact. The touch sensor used in applications will reduce the overall manufacturing cost. For example, in computers, the usage of touch sensors eliminates mechanical objects like mouse and keyboard. Even the final product looks appealing in terms of design and outlook. What is a touch sensor? A touch sensor is an electronic sensor used in detecting and recording physical touch. Also known as tactile sensors, it’s a small, simple, low-cost sensor made to replace old mechanical switches we seen in the past. Touch Sensor Working Principle These sensors are sensitive to any pressure or force applied or touch. The principle of touch is similar to that of a switch. When the s...

  Color Sensor A colour sensor is a type of "photoelectric sensor" which emits light from a transmitter, and then detects the light reflected back from the detection object with a receiver. A colour sensor can detect the received light intensity for red, blue and green respectively, making it possible to determine the colour of the target object. What is a Color Sensor? A color sensor detects the color of the material. This sensor usually detects color in RBG scale. This sensor can categorize the color as red, blue or green. These sensors are also equipped with filters to reject the unwanted IR light and UV light. Color Sensor Diagram The circuit of the color sensor contains sensitive filters, sensor arrays, LED’S, target surfaces, and receiver. When the bright red light is illuminated on the object’s surface, the same red light is reflected and blue light is absorbed. This reflection and absorption are determined by the filters used in these sensors. Working Principle of C...

  Light Sensor The light sensor is a passive devices that convert this “light energy” whether visible or in the infra-red parts of the spectrum into an electrical signal output. Light sensors are more commonly known as “Photoelectric Devices” or “Photo Sensors” because the convert light energy (photons) into electricity (electrons). Types of light sensor There are different types of light sensors available; mainly  Photoresistor,  Photodiodes, and  Phototransistors. Photoresistors (LDR) The most common light sensor type that’s used in a light sensor circuit are photoresistors, also known as a light-dependent resistor (LDR). Photoresistors are used to simply detect whether a light is on or off and compare relative light levels throughout a day. What are photoresistors made of? A high resistance Semiconductor material called cadmium sulfide cells, highly sensitive to visible and near-infrared light How photoresistors work? As its name suggests, photoresistors work ...

  Load cell A load cell is a transducer which converts force into a measurable electrical output. Although there are many varieties of force sensors, strain gauge load cells are the most commonly used type. Introduction Transducer that is used to convert a force/pressure into an electrical signal Electrical output is in the order of a few millivolts and requires amplification by an instrumentation amplifier for further use Load Cells are also called Load Transducer or Load Sensors Force is measured in terms of deflection or strain of elastic member (strain gauge type), increase in fluid pressure (hydraulic type). Types of load cells Hydraulic load cells Pneumatic load cells Strain gauge load cells Hydraulic load cells Hydraulic cells are force -balance devices, measuring weight as a change in pressure of the internal filling fluid. In a rolling diaphragm type hydraulic force sensors, a load or force acting on a loading head is transferred to a piston that in turn compresses a fil...