Hall Effect Sensor Hall Effect Sensor Definition Hall-effect sensors are the linear transducers that are used to measure the magnitude of the magnetic field. Working on the principle of Hall Effect, these sensors generate a Hall voltage when a magnetic field is detected, which is used to measure the magnetic flux density. Linear sensors can measure the wide range of magnetic fields. Besides magnetic fields, these sensors are also used for detecting proximity, position, speed. For these sensors output voltage is directly proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic field. Introduction The basic Hall Element of the Hall Effect magnetic sensors mostly provides very small voltage of only a few micro volts per Gauss, so therefore, these devices are usually manufactured with built-in high gain amplifiers. There are two types of Hall Effect sensors, one providing analog and the other digital output. The analog sensor is composed of a voltage regulator, a Hall Element and an amplifier. F

  Types of Pressure Sensors Using a pressure sensor, pressure measurements can be taken to determine a range of different values and different types of pressure depending on whether the pressure measurement is performed relative to atmosphere, vacuum conditions, or other pressure reference levels. Pressure sensors are instruments that can be designed and configured to detect pressure across these variables. Absolute pressure sensors are intended to measure pressure relative to a vacuum and they are designed with a reference vacuum enclosed within the sensor itself. These sensors can also measure atmospheric pressure. Similarly, a gauge pressure sensor detects values relative to atmospheric pressure, and part of the device is usually exposed to ambient conditions. This device may be employed for blood pressure measurements. An important aspect of industrial pressure detection processes involves comparisons between multiple pressure levels. Differential pressure sensors are used for t

  Pressure Sensor A pressure sensor is a device for pressure measurement of gases or liquids. Pressure is an expression of the force required to stop a fluid from expanding, and is usually stated in terms of force per unit area. A pressure sensor usually acts as a transducer; it generates a signal as a function of the pressure imposed. For the purposes of this article, such a signal is electrical. Pressure sensors are used for control and monitoring in thousands of everyday applications. Pressure sensors can also be used to indirectly measure other variables such as fluid/gas flow, speed, water level, and altitude. Pressure sensors can alternatively be called pressure transducers, pressure transmitters, pressure senders, pressure indicators, piezometers and manometers, among other names. Working principle of a pressure sensor?  A pressure sensor works by converting pressure into an analogue electrical signal. The demand for pressure measuring instruments increased during the steam ag

Control engineering Control engineering also called control systems engineering is the engineering discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. 

 Instrumentation Engineering Basically instrumentation engineering deals with various types of instrument measurement, control and automation industry. An instrumentation engineer is a combination of various engineering disciplines such as chemical, mechanical, electrical, electronic and computer. Instrumentation Engineering is an engineering degree that deals with various types of measuring instruments, designing automated systems or different automated systems used in industry. Engineers in this field work in automated processes such as chemical industries, manufacturing plants, and the basic function of an instrument engineer is to improve system productivity, reliability, safety, and stability. The main purpose of an instrumentation engineer is to design, maintain and troubleshoot different control systems for his client or industry. Instrumentation technicians basically do troubleshooting and maintenance of control systems What is Instrumentation Engineering? Basically instrumenta

  Temperature & Thermocouple Sensors   Temperature sensor A temperature sensor is an electronic device that measures the temperature of its environment and converts the input data into electronic data to record, monitor, or signal temperature changes.  Introduction Temperature is the most often-measured environmental quantity. This might be expected since most physical, electronic, chemical, mechanical, and biological systems are affected by temperature. Certain chemical reactions, biological processes, and even electronic circuits perform best within limited temperature ranges. Temperature is one of the most commonly measured variables and it is therefore not surprising that there are many ways of sensing it. Temperature sensing can be done either through direct contact with the heating source or remotely, without direct contact with the sou rce using radiated energy instead. There are a wide variety of temperature sensors on the market today, including Thermocouples, Resistance T

  Thermocouple Sensors A thermocouple is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a temperature difference. A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device consisting of two dissimilar conductors that contact each other at one or more spots. It produces a voltage when the temperature of one of the spots differs from the reference temperature at other parts of the circuit. Principle of Operation Thermocouples are based on the principle that two wires made of dissimilar materials connected at either end will generate a potential between the two ends that is a function of the materials and temperature difference between the two ends (also called the Seebeck Effect). Types of Thermocouple Before discussing the various types of thermocouples, it should be noted that a thermocouple is often enclosed in a protective sheath to isolate it from the local atmosphere. This protective sheath drastically reduces the effects of corrosion. Type K Thermocouple (Nic

  Accelerometers & Gyroscope Sensor   Accelerometers sensor Accelerometer  An accelerometer is an electro- mechanical device that measures proper acceleration forces. These forces may be static like the constant force of gravity pulling at your feet, or they could be dynamic – caused by moving and vibrating the accelerometer. Principle The working principle of an accelerometer is based on PIEZO-ELECTRIC EFFECT (due to accelerative forces) and on the DISPLACEMENT SENSING (based on displacement of mass). How it works   In most of the cases working of an ACCELEROMETER is based on voltage generation and its further calculations which leads to the determination of acceleration where as some other involve the measurement of displacement of mass. Types of accelerometer   There are basically two types of accelerometer frequently used for measurement of acceleration Piezo electric accelerometer Displacement sensing or seismic type accelerometer Piezo -Electric type  It employs the piezo e

  Gyroscope sensor  What is a gyroscope?  Definition :  A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of conservation of angular momentum. Properties of gyroscopes   Gyroscopes have two basic properties: Rigidity and Precession These properties are defined as follows:  Rigidity: The axis of rotation (spin axis) of the gyro wheel tends to remain in a fixed direction in space if no force is applied to it. Precession: The axis of rotation has a tendency to turn at a right angle to the direction of an applied force Types of Gyroscopes available Spinning Mass Gyro   Mass spins steadily within the gyro with free movables axis (gimbals). Optical Gyroscope   Laser rays reflect many times within an enclosure, any changes in orientation will be registered as changes between the moment of the laser emittance to eventual reception. Vibrating Gyroscope   Determines rate of turn by a vibrating resonator and its change in vibrations from the original vibr

  Accelerometers sensor Accelerometer  An accelerometer is an electro- mechanical device that measures proper acceleration forces. These forces may be static like the constant force of gravity pulling at your feet, or they could be dynamic – caused by moving and vibrating the accelerometer. Principle The working principle of an accelerometer is based on PIEZO-ELECTRIC EFFECT (due to accelerative forces) and on the DISPLACEMENT SENSING (based on displacement of mass). How it works   In most of the cases working of an ACCELEROMETER is based on voltage generation and its further calculations which leads to the determination of acceleration where as some other involve the measurement of displacement of mass. Types of accelerometer   There are basically two types of accelerometer frequently used for measurement of acceleration Piezo electric accelerometer Displacement sensing or seismic type accelerometer Piezo -Electric type  It employs the piezo electric effect of certain materials to m

  Ultrasonic sensor An ultrasonic sensor is an instrument that measures the distance to an object using ultrasonic sound waves. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay back information about an object’s proximity. High-frequency sound waves reflect from boundaries to produce distinct echo patterns. Ultrasonic sensors can measure the following parameters, without even getting in contact with the medium which is to be measured Distance Level Presence Diameter Position What is an Ultrasonic Sensor ? The Ultrasonic Sensor is a Transceiver Module (Transmitter + Receiver). It transmits High Frequency Ultrasonic Waves of frequency greater than 20 KHz. Intercepts the waves reflected by an obstacle. Electrical Signals, Ultrasonic Signals, Electrical Signals Working Principle When an electrical pulse of high voltage is applied to the ultrasonic transducer it vibrates across a specific spectrum of frequencies and generates a burst of sound waves.

  Proximity Sensor A proximity sensor detects an objects when the object approaches within the detection range and boundary of the sensor. Proximity sensors include all sensor that perform non contact detection in comparison to sensors such as limit switch, that detects the object by physically contacting them. Proximity sensors are used in various facets of manufacturing for detecting the approach of metal and non metal objects. What are proximity sensors? A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. Most likely a plate of glass or plastic separates the two. Although you are likely to touch the separating element, there is no physical contact with the sensor. Proximity sensing technology enables adaptive controls, alleviates isolation issues, improves overall application robustness, generates almost unlimited design flexibility and fosters new functionalities. Types of Proximity Sensor Inductive proximity sensor  Capacitiv