Elaborate Working of Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger. Working of Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger Above figure shows the typical configuration of shell and tube heat exchangers, with labels for easy reading. As previously explained, the fundamental point of shell and tube heat exchangers is to pass a hot fluid through a cold fluid without mixing them, so that only their heat is transferred. The above diagram shows two inlets and two outlets, where each fluid starts at their respective inlet and exits the device at their outlets. The tube-side flow passes through the tube bundle (secured by metal plates known as tubesheets or tubeplates) and exits the tube outlet. Similarly, the shell-side flow starts at the shell inlet, passes over theses tubes, and exits at the shell outlet. The headers on either side of the tube bundle create reservoirs for the tube-side flow and can be split into sections according to specific heat exchanger types. Each tube contains an insert known as a turbulator

  Discuss parameters for  Selection of Industrial dryers in Food Industry. parameters for  Selection of Industrial dryers in Food Industry 1. Size & Density The starting point should be to take a look at the size of the individual particles within the material being dried, and the density that the material has when in the amount needing to be dried. A fine powder will require a different drying method than the same size material as a sludge, and large materials will have their own requirements.   Additionally, if there are different sizes within the material, or there are significant fines that will be removed during the drying process, this needs to be taken into consideration. The density of the material will determine how it moves through the dryer and whether anything needs to be done to help it convey.   2. Moisture Content to Be Dried This may seem obvious, but it is commonly overlooked as something to consider when looking at drying methods. You will need to know the startin

  Distinguish Distillation & Extraction with application. Distillation Distillation is a widely used method for separating mixtures based on differences in the conditions required to change the phase of components of the mixture. To separate a mixture of liquids, the liquid can be heated to force components, which have different boiling points, into the gas phase. The gas is then condensed back into liquid form and collected. Repeating the process on the collected liquid to improve the purity of the product is called double distillation. Although the term is most commonly applied to liquids, the reverse process can be used to separate gases by liquefying components using changes in temperature and/or pressure. A plant that performs distillation is called a distillery. The apparatus used to perform distillation is called a still. Uses of Distillation Distillation is used for many commercial processes, such as the production of gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol, paraffin, ke

Derive Overall material balance equation for heat exchanger and explain importance of LMTD. Material balance equation for heat exchanger Energy balance calculation is often done for designing a heat exchanger to determine operating parameters for hot and cold fluids such as - inlet / outlet temperatures and flow rates. For hot fluid side of a heat exchanger let, m H  : mass flow rate of the hot fluid in kg/hr Cp H  : mass heat capacity of the hot fluid in Joules/kg 0 C Ti H  and To H  : Respectively inlet and outlet temperatures on exchanger hot side in  0 C m C  : mass flow rate of the cold fluid in kg/hr Cp C  : mass heat capacity of the cold fluid in Joules/kg 0 C Ti C  and To C  : Respectively inlet and outlet temperatures on exchanger cold side in  0 C Heat lost by the hot fluid = -Q = m H  × Cp H  × (To H  - Ti H ) … (1) Heat gained by the cold side = Q = m C  × Cp C  × (To C  - Ti C ) … (2) Comparing equations (1) and (2), m H  × Cp H  × (Ti H  - To H ) = m C

  Illustrate the need of following unit operations.1) Pulverization 2) Crystallization 3) Screening 4) Evaporation Pulverization “Pulverization” (comminution, crushing, grinding) is the process of applying an external force to a (solid) material of a certain size to destroy it and reduce it into pieces that are smaller than the original size. Pulverization has long been done for many materials, including ore, glass, ceramics, grains, paints, and medicines. Mechanism of pulverization The external force applied to particles can be roughly divided into four types, “compression”, “impact”, “shear”, and “friction”. The actual pulverization mechanism is complicated. Instead of a single type of external force, several types may act on a particle at the same time. In addition, the process is affected in a complicated way by the physical properties of the pulverized material, the pulverization environment, etc. Therefore, it is difficult to clearly explain the pulverization process.  Below is a

  Gas Sensor The chemical sensor device which comprises a transducer and active layer to convert chemical information into any other form of electronic signal such as frequency change, voltage or current change is known as gas sensor. What is a Gas Sensor? Gas sensors (also known as gas detectors ) are electronic devices that detect and identify different types of gasses. They are commonly used to detect toxic or explosive gasses and measure gas concentration. Gas sensors are employed in factories and manufacturing facilities to identify gas leaks, and to detect smoke and carbon monoxide in homes. Gas sensors vary widely in size (portable and fixed), range, and sensing ability. They are often part of a larger embedded system, such as hazmat and security systems, and they are normally connected to an audible alarm or interface. Because gas sensors are constantly interacting with air and other gasses, they have to be calibrated more often than many other types of sensors.  Depending on t

Justify the use of vector cardiograph in electrical activity of heart. Illustrate the significance of unipolar and bipolar electrode configuration used in ECG with neat sketch and elaborate moment artifact and transient protection circuit in detail. vector cardiograph Vector cardiography is the technique of analysing the electrical activity of heart by obtaining ECG along three axis.The display is know as vector cardiogram.This gives the representation of distribution of electrical potential generated by the heart , and produces loop type patterns on the CRT screen.The vectorcardiography examines the ECG potentials generated along the three-dimensional axes of the body. i.e., that is x, y, and z planes.The x vector is taken as the potential between two points under the arms, the y vector is between the head and right leg, and the z vector is from the front to the back of the body. significance of unipolar and bipolar electrode configuration used in ECG Unipolar Leads Well, so far we ha

  Illustrate the structure of heart with neat sketch. Suggest the suitable device to measure electrical activity of heart and elaborate with neat sketch? structure of heart The heart is roughly cone shaped hollow organ. It is approximately the size of owner’s closed fist and weighs about 250-300 gm in female and 300-350gm in the male. The heart lies in the thoracic cavity in the space between the lungs (mediastinum) anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum. The heart consists of 4 chambers. At first, the heart is divided into the right and left side by the septum. Each side is further divided into 2 chambers each by the atrioventricular valve. The upper two chambers are called atrium and lower two are called ventricles. Atrium are thin-walled chamber separated by an interauricular septum The right atrium receives impure blood from the body through the opening via superior and inferior vena cava. Ventricles are a thick-walled chamber. separated by the thick inter-ve

  Suggest the suitable transducers for measurement of respiration rate, blood pressure, cardiac output. Discuss any one application with neat sketch in detail? Suitable transducers for measurement of respiration rate The transducer is cheap, robust, and reliable. CONCLUSIONS: PEP films have the potential to be used as cheap and effective transducers in respiratory rate monitors for non-intubated patients. In the laboratory, they have many desirable characteristics which should now be evaluated in a clinical setting. Suitable transducers for measurement of blood pressure The APT300 transducer is an inexpensive pressure transducer which can be used to measure arterial blood pressures on all species, even on mice with high heart rate. Suitable transducers for measurement of cardiac output Cardiac output measurement by indicator dilution Thermodilution (by PA catheter or by PiCCO) Lithium dilution (LiDCO) Conductivity dilution using saline (the original Stewart method) Indicator dye diluti

  Illustrate a) Resting Potential, b) Action Potential, c) Depolarization and d) Repolarization in detail with neat sketch. Elaborate half cell potential in detail. Elaborate with neat sketch electrode-electrolyte interface and electrode circuit model in detail. State the electrical properties of microelectrodes. Resting Potential Resting potential, the imbalance of electrical charge that exists between the interior of electrically excitable neurons (nerve cells) and their surroundings.  If the inside of the cell becomes less negative (i.e., the potential decreases below the resting potential), the process is called depolarization. If the inside of a cell becomes more electronegative (i.e., if the potential is made greater than the resting potential), the membrane or the cell is said to be hyperpolarized.  Action Potential An action potential is defined as a sudden, fast, transitory, and propagating change of the resting membrane potential. Only neurons and muscle cells are capable of

  Illustrate the significance of cell in terms of function and discuss cell structure with neat sketch.Specify the significance of biopotential electrodes. Enlist at least four biopotential electrode used in medical field and differentiate between polarizable and non-polarizable electrode? Cell A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes. Functions of Cell A cell performs these major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows: Provides Support and Structure All the organisms are made up of cells. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. The cell wall and the cell membrane are the main components that function to provide support and structure to the organism. For eg., the skin is made up of a large number of cells. Xylem present in the vascular plants is made of cells that provide structural support to the plants. Facilitate Growth Mitosis In the proce

  Flow and Level Sensor   Level Sensors A  level  sensor is a device that is designed to monitor, maintain, and measure liquid (and sometimes solid) levels. Once the liquid level is detected, the sensor converts the perceived data into an electric signal.  Level  sensors are used primarily in the manufacturing and automotive industries, but they can be found in many household appliances as well, such as ice makers in refrigerators.   What is a Liquid Level Sensor? Liquid level sensors, also called liquid level switches, are designed to change state when immersed in a liquid. They are used to determine if a liquid or oil exists at a particular level in a container. Introduction   Level sensors are useful devices that are used to detect the level of substances such as liquids, powders and granular materials. There is a wide range of level sensors and they are all used in different industries. Some level sensors can be used for any fluid and others can only be used for certain substances.

  Level Sensors A level sensor is a device that is designed to monitor, maintain, and measure liquid (and sometimes solid) levels. Once the liquid level is detected, the sensor converts the perceived data into an electric signal. Level sensors are used primarily in the manufacturing and automotive industries, but they can be found in many household appliances as well, such as ice makers in refrigerators.   What is a Liquid Level Sensor? Liquid level sensors, also called liquid level switches, are designed to change state when immersed in a liquid. They are used to determine if a liquid or oil exists at a particular level in a container. Introduction   Level sensors are useful devices that are used to detect the level of substances such as liquids, powders and granular materials. There is a wide range of level sensors and they are all used in different industries. Some level sensors can be used for any fluid and others can only be used for certain substances. Level sensors are used to