Biomedical Recorders

Electrocardiography

1. To achieve optimum performance and to enable the relationship of change in resistance with the volume of the cell to hold good, it is recommended that the ratio of the aperture length to the diameter of the aperture should be __________
a) 75:1
b) 0.75:100
c) 0.75:1
d) 0.5:10
Answer: 0.75:1
2. The volume of blood within the dialyzer is known as ___________
a) secondary volume
b) quarterly volume
c) priming volume
d) residual volume
Answer: priming volume
3. Which of the following amplifier circulatory is employed to reduce the hum noise generated by the power supply in the ECG circuit?
a) band pass filters
b) high pass filters
c) notch filters
d) low pass filters
Answer: notch filters
4. The branch of medicine that deals with the provision and use of artificial devices such as splints and braces is _________
a) prosthetics
b) orthotics
c) laproscopic
d) augmentative communication
Answer: laproscopic
5. The frequency range of ECG is ___________
a) 0.05-150 HZ
b) 500-1500 Hz
c) 5-500 kHz
d) 0.5-150 MHz
Answer: 0.05-150 HZ
6. The ideal membrane should possess ___________ to water.
a) low permeability to water
b) high permeability to water
c) medium permeability to water
d) high permeability to waste
Answer: high permeability to water
7. In floating electrodes metal electrode does not make direct contact with the skin.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
8. The blood is a poor conductor of electricity.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
9. The sensitivity of an electrocardiograph is typically set at 10 mm/mV.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
10. The volume of blood within the dialyzer is known as residual volume
a) True
b) False
Answer: False

Vectorcardiography (VCG)

1. Merrick and Hayes (1976) describe details of a _________ oximeter which enables the measurement of oxygen saturation of blood.
a) Pulse
b) Ear
c) Skin Reflactance
d) Intravascular
Answer: Ear
2. For discrete blood samples, a spectrophotometric measurement of oxygen saturation can be made by which method?
a) in vitro
b) in vivo
c) transmission
d) cannot be determined
Answer: transmission
3. Liquid part of blood is __________
a) Platelets
b) Red Blood Cells
c) White Blood Cells
d) Plasma
Answer: Plasma
4. Ear probe which connects the patient to instrument is ___________ m long.
a) 1.5
b) 2.0
c) 2.5
d) 3.0
Answer: 2.5
5. What does red blood cells contain for combining with a large volume of oxygen?
a) Proteins
b) Haemoglobin
c) Lipids
d) Platelets
Answer: Haemoglobin
6. When blood is withdrawn from the subject under anaerobic conditions and measurement for oxygen saturation is made at a later time in the laboratory, the procedure is referred to as _________ oximetry.
a) in vitro
b) in vivo
c) transmission
d) reflection
Answer: in vitro
7. Which principle is used by ear oximeter usually?
a) in vivo
b) transmission
c) reflection
d) in vitro
Answer: transmission
8. How much quantity of oxygen bound with haemoglobin in the normal arterial blood?
a) 20.3ml %
b) 21.5ml %
c) 19.4ml %
d) 20.1ml %
Answer: 19.4ml %
9. Which gas saturation is of great importance in clinical practice?
a) oxygen
b) carbon dioxide
c) hydrogen
d) nitrogen
Answer: oxygen
10. What is time taken for the ear to become fully dilated after ear unit has been placed?
a) 5-10 min
b) 10-15 min
c) 15-20 min
d) 20-25 min
Answer: 5-10 min
11. Blood in _________ must be made similar to arterial Blood in composition.
a) heart
b) brain
c) ear
d) eyes
Answer: ear
12. This technique involves measuring the optical transmittance of the ear at how many wavelengths?
a) 12
b) 6
c) 8
d) 10
Answer: 8
13. Ear oximeter instrument is based on Beer-Lambert law.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
14. By keeping the ear warm, maximum vasodilatation is achieved.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
15. Liquid part of blood is Plasma
a) True
b) False
Answer: True

Phonocardiography (PCG)

1. How many steps are there in QRS detection?
a) Three steps
b) Two steps
c) Four steps
d) One step
Answer: Two steps
2. When will be R-R interval declared premature?
a) If it is greater than 85% of the predicted interval
b) If it is less than 85% of the predicted interval
c) If it is greater than 75% of the predicted interval
d) If it is less than 75% of the predicted interval
Answer: If it is less than 85% of the predicted interval
3. Which analog-to-digital converter is used in the digitization of ECG signal in signal conditioning?
a) 16 bit
b) 12 bit
c) 32 bit
d) 64 bit
Answer: 12 bit
4. In arrhythmia monitoring system, it gives alarm light signals whenever the prematured or widened ectopic beats exist up to the rate of ___________
a) 6/min to 10/min
b) 6/min to 12/min
c) 6/min or 10/min
d) 6/min or 12/min
Answer: 6/min or 12/min
5. Ventricular Fibrillation is detected by _________
a) Shape of the QRS complexes
b) Difference of the R-R interval
c) Timing sequence of QRS complexes
d) Frequency domain analysis
Answer: Frequency domain analysis
6. An arrhythmia monitor is basically a ______
a) Sophisticated monitoring system
b) Sophisticated alarm system
c) Patient monitoring system
d) ECG interpretation system
Answer: Sophisticated alarm system
7. By using a _________ rather than a _________ the amplitude of low frequency noise as well as the low frequency components of the ECG will be reduced without affecting the QRS.
a) High-pass filter, Band-pass filter
b) Low-pass filter, Band-pass filter
c) Band-pass filter, Low-pass filter
d) Band-pass filter, High-pass filter
Answer: Band-pass filter, Low-pass filter
8. In automated arrhythmia monitoring system, which task is performed after the Ventricular fibrillation detection?
a) Rhythm definition
b) Beat labeling
c) Atrial fibrillation detection
d) Noise detection
Answer: Rhythm definition
9. What is the sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter in digitizing of ECG signal in signal conditioning?
a) 250 Hz
b) 215 Hz
c) 40-100 Hz
d) 200-215 Hz
Answer: 250 Hz
10. In the process of the ECG waveform, the detection filter removes _______ and _______
a) Baseline wander, motion noise
b) Muscle artifact, motion noise
c) Low frequency noise, motion noise
d) Baseline wander, muscle artifact
Answer: Low frequency noise, motion noise
11. _________ is based on analyzing the shape of the QRS complexes and separating beats into groups or clusters.
a) Timing classification
b) Morphology characterization
c) Beat labeling
d) Noise detection
Answer: Morphology characterization
12. Which is the final stage in arrhythmia analysis?
a) Beat labeling
b) Alarms
c) Rhythm labeling
d) Summary statistics
Answer: Rhythm labeling
13. Which techniques are used in a new algorithm proposed by Jen and Hwang to obtain the long term ECG signal feature and extract the meaningful information hiding in the QRS complex?
a) Cepstrum time warping and Dynamic coefficient
b) Cepstrum coefficient and Dynamic time warping
c) QRS detection and Dynamic coefficient
d) QRS detection and Cepstrum time warping
Answer: Cepstrum coefficient and Dynamic time warping
14. In signal conditioning, ECG signal is amplified, filtered with 0.05-100 Hz for monitoring purposes and 1-40 Hz for diagnostic purposes.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False
15. The steep, large amplitude variation of the QRS complex is the obvious characteristics to use and this is the function of the R wave detector.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True

Digital Stethoscope

1. What is used as a light source in ear oximeter?
a) Mercury-vapor lamp
b) Sodium-vapor lamp
c) Tungsten-iodine lamp
d) Sulfur lamp
Answer: Tungsten-iodine lamp
2. Ear probe which connects the patient to instrument is __________ m long.
a) 1.5
b) 2.0
c) 2.5
d) 3.0
Answer: 2.5
3. Blood in ___________ must be made similar to arterial Blood in composition.
a) heart
b) brain
c) ear
d) eyes
Answer: ear
4. The percentage of functional haemoglobin combined with oxygen is expressed as ______
a) (concentration of oxyhaemoglobin/{concentration of oxyhaemoglobin+ concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin})*100
b) (concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin/{concentration of oxyhaemoglobin+ concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin})*100
c) ({concentration of oxyhaemoglobin+ concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin}/concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin)*100
d) ({concentration of oxyhaemoglobin+ concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin}/concentration of oxyhaemoglobin)*100
Answer: (concentration of oxyhaemoglobin/{concentration of oxyhaemoglobin+ concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin})*100
5. Merrick and Hayes (1976) describe details of a __________ oximeter which enables the measurement of oxygen saturation of the blood.
a) Pulse
b) Ear
c) Skin Reflectance
d) Intravascular
Answer: Ear

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

1. Law obeyed by Pulse Oximeter is _______
a) Lambert-Bouguer law
b) Beer ‘s law
c) Beer-Lambert law
d) Lamber-Bouguer, Beer’s and Beer-Lambert Law
Answer: Lamber-Bouguer, Beer’s and Beer-Lambert Law
2. Oxygen saturation is estimated by _______
a) ratio (R) of pulse-added red absorbance at 660 nm to the pulse-added infrared absorbances at 940 nm
b) ratio (R) of pulse-added red absorbance at 940 nm to the pulse-added infrared absorbances at 660 nm
c) ratio (R) of pulse-added red absorbance at 330 nm to the pulse-added infrared absorbances at 940 nm
d) ratio (R) of pulse-added red absorbance at 940 nm to the pulse-added infrared absorbances at 330 nm
Answer: ratio (R) of pulse-added red absorbance at 660 nm to the pulse-added infrared absorbances at 940 nm
3. How many wavelengths are used by Pulse Oximeter?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: 2
4. How is the blood flow in arteries and arterioles?
a) plug
b) laminar
c) parabolic
d) pulsatile
Answer: pulsatile
5. Light passing through finger will be adsorbed by ___________
(i) Skin Pigments
(ii) Tissue
(iii) Arteries
(iv) Veins
a) (i) & (iii)
b) (ii) & (iv)
c) (i) & (ii)
d) (iii) & (iv)
Answer: (i) & (ii)
6. What factors has no significant influence on the measurement?
a) skin pigmentation
b) thickness
c) tissue
d) skin pigmentation, thickness and tissue
Answer: skin pigmentation, thickness and tissue
7. How many LED’s are used in Pulse oximeter probe?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: 2
8. What gets affected by lower saturation?
a) blood flow
b) translucency
c) accuracy
d) low atmospheric pressure
Answer: accuracy
9. Pulse oximetry is used to measure the oxygen level in blood & heart rate.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
10. skin pigmentation, thickness and tissue factors has no significant influence on the measurement
a) True
b) False
Answer: True

Electromyograph (EMG)

1. What was utilized around the light source to enhance the signal?
a) Photodiodes
b) Optical Shied
c) Ceramic Substrate
d) Red and infrared LED’s
Answer: Photodiodes
2. Who has poorer signal-to-noise ratio?
a) Transmission Pulse Oximeter
b) Reflection Pulse Oximeter
c) Ear Oximeter
d) Pulse Oximeter
Answer: Reflection Pulse Oximeter
3. Who brought out the difficulties in the extraction of useful information from backscattered light intensity from human tissue?
a) Cohen and Wadsworth
b) Cohen and Logini
c) Cohen
d) Logini
Answer: Cohen and Wadsworth
4. The reflected light from the skin at wavelengths of 665nm(red) and 935nm (infrared) is detected by _____________
a) Photo diode
b) Laser diode
c) Silicon diode
d) Zener diode
Answer: Silicon diode
5. What is incorporated in sensor to warm the tissue so as to increase local blood flow?
a) heater
b) heating plate
c) thermostat
d) thermometer
Answer: heater
6. Skin Reflectance oximeter depends on monitoring backscattered lights in how many wavelengths?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: 2
7. The detected signals are processed in the form of photo – plethysmographs to determine ___________
a) SiO2
b) SO2
c) CO2
d) TiO2
Answer: SO2
8. Which of the following instrument is used to measure the oxygen saturation level of blood in localized areas of oxygen?
a) Ear Oximeter
b) Pulse Oximeter
c) Skin reflectance Oximeter
d) Intravascular Oximeter
Answer: Skin reflectance Oximeter
9. What are used as light source in Skin Reflectance Oximeter?
a) Photodiode
b) Red and infrared LED’s
c) Flashtube
d) Arc Lamp
Answer: Red and infrared LED’s
10. Who considered “Human tissues are composed of parallel semi-infinite layers of homogenous materials”.
a) Cohen and Wadsworth
b) Cohen and Logini
c) Cohen
d) Wadsworth
Answer: Cohen and Logini

Other Biomedical Recorders

1. Diameter of erythrocytes is in the range of ___________
a) nano meters
b) micro meters
c) pico meters
d) femto meters
Answer: micro meters
2. The percentage of cells in the blood is called _____________
a) haematocrit value
b) packet corpuscles value
c) packed haematocrit value
d) corpuscles value
Answer: haematocrit value
3. What is the blood percentage of total body weight?
a) 5-10 %
b) 20-30 %
c) 2-3 %
d) 10-15 %
Answer: 5-10 %
4. Which of the following blood constituent is in the form of a bi-concave disc?
a) lymphocytes
b) leucocutes
c) neutrophils
d) erythrocytes
Answer: erythrocytes
5. Blood consists of corpuscles suspended in a fluid called plasma in the proportion of 45 parts of ____________ to 55 parts of __________
a) Plasma, corpuscles
b) Corpuscles, plasma
c) Protoplasma, cytozomes
d) Cytozomes, protoplasma
Answer: Corpuscles, plasma
6. Anaemia is reduction/increase _________
a) in the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of blood
b) in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
c) in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
d) in the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of blood
Answer: in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood
7. The normal red cell lasts approximately how many days before it is destroyed?
a) 240
b) 10
c) 12
d) 120
Answer: 120
8. How much blood is present in an average adult?
a) 10-12 L
b) 2-3 L
c) 5-6 L
d) 20-25 L
Answer: 5-6 L
9. The erythrocytes have a nucleus.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False
10. In the whole body, there are about 25 billion erythrocytes and they are constantly being destroyed and replaced at a rate of about 9000 million per hour.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True

Biofeedback Instrumentation

1. What is used in modern instrument for intravascular oximetry?
a) photodiode
b) red and infrared LED’s
c) optical fibre
d) phototransistor
Answer: optical fibre
2. Normal mean red cell volume is _________
a) 6 ± 10 f/l
b) 16 ± 10 f/l
c) 86 ± 10 f/l
d) 56 ± 10 f/l
Answer: 86 ± 10 f/l
3. Which of the following option is correct in terms of size?
a) Monocytes > Neutrophils > RBC > lymphocytes
b) Monocytes > Neutrophils > RBC >= lymphocytes
c) Monocytes < Neutrophils < RBC < lymphocytes
d) Monocytes =< Neutrophils < RBC < lymphocytes
Answer: Monocytes > Neutrophils > RBC >= lymphocytes
4. Neutrophills are concerned __________ and lymphocytes are concerned with __________
a) ingestion of bacteria, immunological responses
b) production of bacteria, electrical responses
c) electrical responses, production of bacteria
d) immunological responses, ingestion of bacteria
Answer: ingestion of bacteria, immunological responses
5. How many wavelengths are utilized by currently available oximeters?
a) More than 2
b) Less than 2
c) Equal to 2
d) Cannot be determined
Answer: More than 2
6. _________ is the ratio of the integrated platelet volume to the platelet count and is expressed in femolitres.
a) Mean Platelet Volume
b) Platelet Distribution Width
c) Red Cell Distribution Width
d) Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration
Answer: Mean Platelet Volume
7. What is the shape of Leucocytes?
a) Cubic
b) Cuboid
c) Spherical
d) Hollow
Answer: Spherical
8. The RDW index is expressed by which of the following equation?
a) [(20th – 80th) Percentile Volume / (20th + 80th) Percentile Volume] X 100 X K
b) [(20th + 80th) Percentile Volume / (20th – 80th) Percentile Volume] X 100 X K
c) [(20th – 80th) Percentile Volume / (20th – 80th) Percentile Volume] X 100 X K
d) [(20th + 80th) Percentile Volume / (20th + 80th) Percentile Volume] X 100 X K
Answer: [(20th – 80th) Percentile Volume / (20th + 80th) Percentile Volume] X 100 X K
9. Life span of leucocytes is _____________
a) 3 – 4 weeks
b) 7 – 14 days
c) 9 – 10 months
d) 7 – 14 years
Answer: 7 – 14 days
10. The percentage of the total specimen volume occupied by the platelets is called ____________
a) Platelet Distribution Width
b) Red Cell Distribution Width
c) Plateletcrit
d) Mean Platelet Volume
Answer: Plateletcrit
11. For estimating SO2, usually reflectance at ________ wavelengths are used.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: 2
12. What is used to measure mix venous saturation?
a) Ear Oximeter
b) Pulse Oximeter
c) Skin Reflectance Oximeter
d) Intravascular Oximeter
Answer: Intravascular Oximeter
13. Neutrophils are smaller than the red cells.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False
14. Leucocytes form the defence mechanism of the body against infection.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
15. Normal mean cell haemoglobin is 29.5 ± 2.5 pg.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True