Patient Monitoring System

System Concepts

1. How lead selector selects electrodes?

a) one by one

b) two by two

c) three by three

d) four by four

Answer: two by two

2. Which machines CMRR is of order of 100-120 dB?

a) VCG

b) PCG

c) EEG

d) ECG

Answer: ECG

3. ‘Stand by’ mode of operation is generally provided in which instrument?

a) VCG

b) PCG

c) ECG

d) EMG

Answer: ECG

4. How many paper speeds are necessary for ECG recording?

a) One

b) Minimum two

c) Can be any

d) Max two

Answer: Minimum two

5. Which of the following instrument records the electrical activity of the heart?

a) VCG(Vectorcardiograph)

b) PCG(Phonocardiograph)

c) ECG(Electrocardiograph)

d)EEG(Electroencephalograph)

Answer: ECG(Electrocardiograph)

6. Why is preamplifier used?

a) For Amplification

b) For Stabilizing effect

c) For Reducing effect

d) For Modifying effects

Answer: For Stabilizing effect

7. What is paper recording speed for routine work?

a) 10 mm/s

b) 15 mm/s

c) 20 mm/s

d) 25 mm/s

Answer: 20 mm/s

8. Where are potentials picked up by patient electrodes taken to?

a) Lead Selector switch

b) Preamp

c) Power Amplifier

d) Instrumentational amplifier

Answer: Lead Selector switch

9. What measurements are made vertically on electrocardiogram?

a) Time Measurements

b) Heart Rate Measurements

c) Amplitude Measurements

d) Time Measurements and Heart Rate Measurements

Answer: Amplitude Measurements

10. What is sensitivity of an electrocardiograph?

a) 10 mm/mV

b) 15 mm/mV

c) 20 mm/mV

d) 25 mm/mV

Answer: 10 mm/mV

11. The amplified output signal is picked up single-ended from preamp and is given to the _________

a) Power Amplifier

b) Lead Selector

c) Pen Motor

d) Paper motor

Answer: Power Amplifier

12. Who provides valuable information about a wide range of cardiac disorders?

a) VCG

b) ECG

c) PCG

d) EEG

Answer: ECG

13. ________ are made horizontally on electrocardiogram.

a) Time Measurements

b) Heart Rate Measurements

c) Time Measurements and Heart Rate Measurements

d) Not fixed and can be any thing

Answer: Time Measurements and Heart Rate Measurements

14. What is diagnostically useful frequency range?

a) 0.025 to 0.05 Hz

b) 0.05 to 150 Hz

c) 150 to 200 Hz

d) 0.05 to 150 MHz

Answer: 0.05 to 150 Hz

15. Electrocardiography are used in catheterization laboratories, coronary care units and for routine diagnostic applications in cardiology.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

Cardiac Monitor

1. Blood vessels are _______

a) soft tissue

b) hard tissue

c) connective and hard tissue

d) connective and soft tissue

Answer: connective and soft tissue

2. Filter that amplifies frequency above certain value is called ___________

a) low pass filter

b) high pass filter

c) band pass filter

d) band stop filter

Answer: high pass filter

3. An artificial limb, a sensory substitution system, or an augmentative communication aid is prosthetic devices __________

a) therapeutic device

b) diagnostics device

c) orthosis device

d) prosthetic device

Answer: prosthetic device

4. Transcutaneous means ________

a) passing to the skin

b) passing to the bones

c) passing to the heart

d) passing to the lungs

Answer: passing to the skin

5. For rehabilitation engineering perspective a task that is specific to a single sense or movement pattern is called _______

a) Functional Limitation

b) Societal Limitation

c) Modality-Specific

d) Pathophysiology

Answer: Modality-Specific

6. Aesthetics of appearance is called ____________

a) orthosis

b) cosmesis

c) lymphosis

d) homeostasis

Answer: cosmesis

7. Which of the following is not a soft tissue?

a) ligament

b) bone

c) tendons

d) skin

Answer: bone

8. Interruption or interference with normal physiological and developmental processes or structures is called _________

a) Functional Limitation

b) Pathophysiology

c) Societal Limitation

d) Modality-Specific

Answer: Pathophysiology

9. Bones are non – living tissues.

a) True

b) False

Answer: False

10. Bones serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus, essential minerals for various cellular activities which happen throughout the human body.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

Bedside Patient Monitoring System

1. Which wave detection is used to differentiate between a Sinus Rhythm and a Supraventricular Rhythm?

a) P wave

b) QRS complex

c) T wave

d) R wave

Answer: P wave

2. What is the value of the refractory period from the previously identified QRS complex?

a) 200 ms

b) 198 ms

c) 192 ms

d) 215 ms

Answer: 192 ms

3. The heart rate is computed by averaging the most recent _________________

a) 12 P waves

b) 12 R-R intervals

c) 12 QRS complex

d) 12 R waves

Answer: 12 R-R intervals

4. Who gave the ST/AR algorithm in 1999?

a) Hewlett Packard

b) Jen and Hwang

c) Clynes

d) Cox and Nolle

Answer: Hewlett Packard

5. If the height of the P wave is X, then the height of the R wave is _____

a) X/32

b) 32/X

c) X/16

d) 32X

Answer: 32X

6. A model of the normal QRS complex, called ___________

a) ECG model

b) QRS model

c) Template

d) Detection model

Answer: Template

7. The frequency of the sinusoid and the filter leakage fraction, these two criteria are used for ____________

a) Detection of arrhythmias

b) Detection of QRS complex

c) Detection of Ventricular fibrillation

d) Detection of Heart-rate

Answer: Detection of Ventricular fibrillation

8. Friesen compared _______ of nine types of QRS detection algorithms.

a) QRS complex sensitivity

b) Noise sensitivity

c) Motion artifact

d) Muscle artifact

Answer: Noise sensitivity

9. In order to detect the QRS, the detection threshold is kept as ________ to prevent the detection of T waves or baseline noise as QRS complexes during a complete heart block or asystole.

a) 0.15 V

b) 0.015 mV

c) 0.015 mV

d) 0.00015 V

Answer: 0.00015 V

10. For how much time period, the weighting factors are updated to allow for quick adaptation to signal quality changes?

a) Every 192 ms

b) Every 16 ms

c) Every 215 ms

d) Every 200 ms

Answer: Every 200 ms

11. If a flutter or sinusoidal wave-form persists for more than __________ seconds in any ECG channel, then the monitor alarms for ventricular fibrillation.

a) 8 sec

b) 2 sec

c) 4 sec

d) 12 sec

Answer: 4 sec

12. The area of the P wave is ______ wide and ends ______ before the R wave peak.

a) 120 ms, 200 ms

b) 200 ms, 120 ms

c) 100 ms, 215 ms

d) 215 ms, 100 ms

Answer: 200 ms, 120 ms

13. For an ideal sinusoid, the filter leakage fraction will be _____

a) 1

b) 0

c) Infinity

d) Undefined

Answer: 0

14. In the Beat Labeling, if the signal quality is not good, the algorithm assigns the label ______ and ______

a) Supraventricular premature, inoperative

b) Inoperative, artifact

c) Artifact, Supraventricular premature

d) Ventricular ectopic, inoperative

Answer: Inoperative, artifact

15. The contribution from each ECG lead to the QRS detection signal is proportional to its measured quality based on the waveform amplitude, and the amount of muscle and baseline noise.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

Central Monitors

1. Full form of AZTEC _______________

a) Amplitude Zone Tech Epoch Coding

b) Amplitude Zone Time Epoch Coding

c) Arrhythmia Zone Tech Epoch Coding

d) Arrhythmia Zone Time Epoch Coding

Answer: Amplitude Zone Time Epoch Coding

2. In the detection of the waveform of ECG signal, a wave is considered as a T wave if _______

a) It occurs within a 120 ms interval

b) Its peak occurred within 1/6th the R-R interval

c) It occurs within a 200 ms interval

d) Its peak occurred within 1/3rd the R wave height

Answer: It occurs within a 200 ms interval

3. Who suggests a new discrete wavelet transform for compressing ECG signals with minimum loss of diagnostic information?

a) Alshamali

b) Friesen

c) Al-Ajlouni

d) Cox and Nolle

Answer: Al-Ajlouni

4. Which of the following techniques are not included in the transformation domain category?

a) Wavelet transform

b) Discrete cosine transform

c) Fourier descriptors

d) Combine discrete cosine and Fourier transform

Answer: Combine discrete cosine and Fourier transform

5. Cox and Nolle suggested AZTEC – pre-processing program for real time ECG rhythm analysis at an approximate data reduction rate of _______________

a) 1:10

b) 10:1

c) 1:20

d) 20:1

Answer: 10:1

6. AZTEC contains digital logic, which is able to detect?

a) Baseline wander

b) QRS complex

c) R-R interval

d) Motion artifact

Answer: Baseline wander

7. Which one of the following is not the category of ECG compression techniques?

a) Transformation domain

b) Parameter Extraction

c) Frequency domain

d) Time domain

Answer: Frequency domain

8. The four measurements of QRS and a fifth measurement called ________ based on height, duration and offset to those of the patient’s normal QRS are compared.

a) QRS polarity

b) R-to-R interval

c) Wiggle

d) Distance D

Answer: Distance D

9. The scan-along polygonal approximation and the amplitude zone time epoch coding are the examples of the __________ category of ECG compression techniques.

a) Transformation domain

b) Time domain

c) Parameter extraction

d) Frequency domain

Answer: Time domain

10. A signal of poor quality that cannot be processed is called chaotic.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

Measurement of Heart Rate

1. Voltage difference between an active electrode on the scalp with respect to reference electrode at ear lobe or any other part of body is known as ___________ recording.

a) Monopolar

b) Bipolar

c) Unipolar

d) Nonpolar

Answer: Monopolar

2. What is the typical value of the calibration signal?

a) 10 uV/cm

b) 30 uV/cm

c) 50 uV/cm

d) 70 uV/cm

Answer: 50 uV/cm

3. _______ is the superimposed wave of neuron potentials operating in a non-synchrronized manner in a physical sense.

a) VCG

b) ECG

c) EEG

d) PCG

Answer: EEG

4. Where is the reference electrode placed?

a) nasal

b) cervical

c) forehead

d) facial

Answer: forehead

5. EEG machines have notch filter sharply tuned at _______ Hz as to eliminate mains frequency interference.

a) 10

b) 30

c) 50

d) 70

Answer: 50

6. What are generally designed to have a very high value of input impedance to take care of high electrode impedance?

a) Montages

b) Electrodes

c) Preamplifiers

d) Filters

Answer: Preamplifiers

7. What is the typical frequency range of standard EEG machines?

a) 0.025 to 0.05 Hz

b) 0.05 to 0.1 Hz

c) 0.1 to 70 Hz

d) 70 to 140 Hz

Answer: 0.1 to 70 Hz

8. Which of the following is material is used to improve electrical contact?

a) Silver Tungsten

b) Electrode jelly

c) Silver Graphite

d) Copper Tungsten

Answer: Electrode jelly

9. How is bipolar recording done?

a) Omni channel EEG

b) Multi channel EEG

c) Uni Channel EEG

d) Non Channel EEG

Answer: Multi channel EEG

10. Which of the following instrument is used for recording the electrical activity of the brain?

a) ECG

b) EMG

c) PCG

d) EEG

Answer: EEG

11. A pattern of electrodes on the head and the channels they are connected to are __________

a) Amplifiers

b) Oscilloscope

c) Montage

d) Wires

Answer: Montage

12. Whose electrodes give high skin impedance as compared to ECG?

a) VCG

b) PCG

c) EMG

d) EEG

Answer: EEG

13. Preamplifiers used in electroencephalograph have high gain and low noise characteristics.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

14. EEG signals picked up by surface electrodes are usually small as compared to ECG.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

15. EEG electrodes are larger in size than ECG electrodes.

a) True

b) False

Answer: False

Measurement of Temperature

1. What is the frequency range of sound generated from the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valve?

a) 0 to 30 Hz

b) 30 to 100 Hz

c) 100 to 1000 Hz

d) above 1000 Hz

Answer: 30 to 100 Hz

2. Which of the following instrument is used for recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of the heart?

a) ECG

b) VCG

c) PCG

d) EEG

Answer: PCG

3. Who described the new acoustic sensor?

a) Goldenetal

b) Rijnetal

c) Levkovetal

d) Kassaletal

Answer: Kassaletal

4. What is the frequency range of amplifier used for a phonocardiograph?

a) less than 0 Hz

b) 0 to 20 Hz

c) 20 to 2000 Hz

d) above 2000 Hz

Answer: 20 to 2000 Hz

5. Vectorcardiogram displays the electrical events in __________ perpendicular axes.

a) one

b) two

c) three

d) four

Answer: two

6. How many loops each vectorcardiogram exhibits?

a) one

b) two

c) three

d) four

Answer: three

7. Who provides a recording of waveforms of heart sounds?

a) Electrocardiograph

b) Vectorcardiograph

c) Phonocardiograph

d) Electromyograph

Answer: Phonocardiograph

8. Acoustic sensor principal sensing component is made up of which polymer?

a) PEO(Poly-ethylene oxide)

b) PET(Poly-ethylene tetraphthalate)

c) PVDF(Poly-vinylidene fluoride)

d) PS(Poly-styrene)

Answer: PVDF(Poly-vinylidene fluoride)

9. Which of the following microphone is used for recording phonocardiograms?

a) Contact Microphone

b) Shotgun Microphone

c) Handheld Microphone

d) Lapel Microphone

Answer: Contact Microphone

10. Which instrument is used for clinical detection of heart sounds?

a) Stethoscope

b) Endoscope

c) Anoscope

d) Proctoscope

Answer: Stethoscope

11. What is the thickness of the new acoustic sensor?

a) 0.25 mm

b) 0.5 mm

c) 1.0 mm

d) 1.5 mm

Answer: 1.0 mm

12. Which of the following is the technique of analyzing the electrical activity of the heart by obtaining ECG’s?

a) VCG

b) EEG

c) EMG

d) PCG

Answer: VCG

13. What is the frequency range of sound produced at the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves?

a) less than 0 Hz

b) 0 to 30 Hz

c) 30 to 100 Hz

d) above 100 Hz

Answer: above 100 Hz

14. ___________ is a vectorial representation of the distribution of electric potentials generated by heart.

a) EEG

b) ECG

c) PCG

d) VCG

Answer: VCG

15. PCG amplifiers usually have gain compensation circuits to increase the amplification of high frequency signals, which are usually of low intensity.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

Measurement of Respiration Rate

1. What is included in the system to facilitate playback and study of EMG sound waveforms at a later convenient time?

a) Preamplifier

b) Oscilloscope

c) Tape Recorder

d) Ground Electrode

Answer: Tape Recorder

2. The amplitude of EMG signals depend upon which of the following factor?

a) Respiration

b) Position of electrode

c) Blood Resistivity

d) Ventricular Volume

Answer: Position of electrode

3. Which of the following instrument is used for making a study of reflex responses?

a) EEG

b) ECG

c) VCG

d) EMG

Answer: EMG

4. EMG instrument contain frequency component extending up to ____________ Khz.

a) 1

b) 5

c) 10

d) 15

Answer: 10

5. Whose measurements are important for myoelectric control of prosthetic devices?

a) VCG

b) ECG

c) EEG

d) EMG

Answer: EMG

6. Which of the following interpreter can diagnose various muscular disorders by listening to the sounds produced when the muscle potentials are fed to loudspeaker?

a) EEG

b) ECG

c) VCG

d) EMG

Answer: EMG

7. Which of the following instrument is used for recording the electrical activity of the muscles?

a) ECG

b) EMG

c) PCG

d) EEG

Answer: EMG

8. What is the typical range of EMG signals?

a) 0.025 to 0.050 mV

b) 0.050 to 0.1 mV

c) 0.1 to 0.5 mV

d) 0.5 to 1 mV

Answer: 0.1 to 0.5 mV

9. What should be CMRR of preamplifier upto 5 Khz?

a) 10 dB

b) 30 dB

c) 90 dB

d) greater than 90 dB

Answer: greater than 90 dB

10. What is necessary for providing a common reference for measurement?

a) active electrode

b) ground electrode

c) tape recorder

d) oscilloscope

Answer: ground electrode

11. What is the diameter of silver electrodes in the amplifier circuit of Johnson et al?

a) 2 mm

b) 4 mm

c) 6 mm

d) 10 mm

Answer: 6 mm

12. What is used to display EMG waveforms?

a) Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

b) Analog storage Oscilloscope

c) Digital Oscilloscope

d) Dual-beam Oscilloscope

Answer: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

13. EMG instrument is useful for making study of ___________

a) cardiovascular function

b) neuromuscular function

c) nervous function

d) Immune function

Answer: neuromuscular function

14. Modern EMG machines are PC based.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

15. EMG is recorded by using surface electrodes.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

Catheterization Laboratory Instrumentation

1. Which of the following instrument is used for recording the change in potential when light falls on the eye?

a) Apexcardiography

b) Ballistocardiography

c) Electro-oculography

d) Electro-retinography

Answer: Electro-retinography

2. What is used to pick EOG potentials?

a) Oscilloscope

b) Tape Recorder

c) Surface Electrodes

d) Preamplifier

Answer: Surface Electrodes

3. What is mounted on the table to convert the movements into corresponding electrical signals in BCG?

a) Oscilloscope

b) Sensing device

c) Pramplifier

d) Tape recorder

Answer: Sensing device

4. Which of the following is useful in the diagnosis of the enlargement of the heart chambers and some type of valvular disorders?

a) Apexcardiograph

b) Ballistocardiograph

c) Electro-oculograph

d) Electro-retinograph

Answer: Apexcardiograph

5. Which of the following instrument is used for recording the movements imparted to the body with each beat of the heart cycle?

a) Apexcardiograph

b) Ballistocardiograph

c) Electro-oculograph

d) Electro-retinograph

Answer: Ballistocardiograph

6. What is the frequency range of Chest-wall movements?

a) 0.025 to 0.05 Hz

b) 0.05 to 0.1 Hz

c) 0.1 to 20 Hz

d) 20 to 100 Hz

Answer: 0.1 to 20 Hz

7. Which of the following instrument is used for recording the chest-wall movements over the apex of heart?

a) Apexcardiograph

b) Ballistocardiograph

c) Electro-oculograph

d) Electro-retinograph

Answer: Apexcardiograph

8. ________________ is the recording of the bio-potentials generated by the movement of eye ball.

a) Apexcardiography

b) Electro-oculography

c) Electro-retinography

d) Ballistocardiography

Answer: Electro-oculography

9. One of the electrode is mounted on the contact lens and the other is placed to the skin adjacent to the outer cornea of the eye.

a) True

b) False

Answer: True

10. The transducer required for recording these movements in apexcardiograph is similar to the electrocardiograph.

a) True

b) False

Answer: False