Telemedicine Technology

Essential Parameters for Telemedicine

1. What is the temperature at which the lower junction in thermocouple is maintained?
a) 0 K
b) 273 K
c) -327 K
d) -273 K
Answer: 273 K
2. What force is generated when two wires of different material are joined together at either end, forming two junctions which are maintained at a different temperature?
a) chemical reactive
b) electro-motive
c) thermo-motive
d) mechanical
Answer: thermo-motive
3. __________has the widest range of temperature measurement.
a) RTD
b) Mercury thermometer
c) Thermocouple
d) Thermistor
Answer: Thermocouple
4. The full form of RTD is _________________
a) resistive thermal detector
b) resistance temperature detector
c) resistance temperature device
d) reluctance thermal device
Answer: resistance temperature detector
5. Which of the following quantity is measured by Thermister?
a) pressure
b) displacement
c) temperature
d) height
Answer: temperature
6. Which of the following option is the correct full form of CRO?
a) Common Ray Oscilloscope
b) Common Ray Oscillator
c) Cathode Ray Oscillator
d) Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
Answer: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
7. Which is the correct formula for the resistance Rt of a metallic conductor at any temperature t?
a) Rt = Ro(ɑt-1)
b) Rt = Ro(1-ɑt)
c) Rt = Ro(1+ɑt)
d) Rt = Ro(10+ɑt)
Answer: Rt = Ro(1+ɑt)
8. Select the correct option from below for the particular description of arrangement. When two wires of different material are joined together at either end, forming two junctions which are maintained at different temperature, a thermo-motive force is generated causing a current to flow around the circuit.
a) thermocouple
b) thermalpair
c) thermistor
d) thermostat
Answer: thermocouple
9. The junction at a lower temperature in thermocouple is termed as measuring junction.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False
10. The junction at a higher temperature in the thermocouple called is measuring junction.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True

Delivery Models in Telemedicine

1. _____________ is not a soft tissue.
a) ligament
b) bone
c) tendons
d) skin
Answer: bone
2. Which of the following filter is used to amplify frequency above a certain value?
a) band stop filter
b) low pass filter
c) band pass filter
d) high pass filter
Answer: high pass filter
3. A task that is specific to a single sense or movement pattern is called _________ in a rehabilitation engineering perspective.
a) Functional Limitation
b) Modality-Specific
c) Societal Limitation
d) Pathophysiology
Answer: Modality-Specific
4. _________ is called the Aesthetics of appearance.
a) lymphosis
b) cosmesis
c) orthosis
d) homeostasis
Answer: cosmesis
5. From the options given below, select the one that best describes: Transcutaneous.
a) passing to the heart
b) passing to the bones
c) passing to the skin
d) passing to the lungs
Answer: passing to the skin
6. ___________ is the interruption or interference with normal physiological and developmental processes or structures.
a) Pathophysiology
b) Societal Limitation
c) Functional Limitation
d) Modality-Specific
Answer: Pathophysiology
7. Which is the correct characteristic of Blood vessels?
a) Soft tissue
b) Connective and soft tissue
c) Connective and hard tissue
d) Hard tissue
Answer: Hard tissue
8. _______________ is not a passive transducer.
a) Doppler effect transducer
b) IR sensor
c) Strain gauge
d) Ultrasonic transducer
Answer: Strain gauge
9. Bones are living tissues.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
10. Muscles are the reservoir for calcium and phosphorus, essential minerals for various cellular activities which happen throughout the human body.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False

Telemedicine System

1. _____________ is employed with resistive transducers which require an external source of excitation.
a) differential amplifier
b) dc bridge amplifier
c) carrier amplifier
d) ac coupled amplifier
Answer: dc bridge amplifier
2. Which feedback system is employed in DC amplifiers?
a) Can be any positive or negative doesn’t matter
b) Negative
c) Depends on the application
d) Positive
Answer: Negative
3. The amplifier from the following that has a limited frequency response is _________
a) dc amplifiers
b) differential amplifier
c) ac coupled amplifiers
d) carrier amplifiers
Answer: dc amplifiers
4. The amplifier configuration must contain _____________ to achieve the low frequency response for medical applications?
a) higher resistance
b) lower resistance
c) lower capacitance
d) higher capacitance
Answer: higher capacitance
5. The number of amplifiers incorporated in the module of a Chopper stabilized dc amplifiers are ___________
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
Answer: 3
6. _______________ will reject any common mode signal that appears simultaneously at both amplifier input terminal.
a) ac coupled amplifiers
b) dc amplifiers
c) carrier amplifiers
d) differential amplifiers
Answer: differential amplifiers
7. Which of the following IC is a variable negative voltage regulator?
a) 7912
b) 7905
c) LM337
d) LM317
Answer: LM337
8. Which of the following amplifiers are used with transducers which require an external source of excitation?
a) ac coupled amplifiers
b) dc amplifiers
c) carrier amplifiers
d) differential amplifier
Answer: carrier amplifiers
9. Chopper input dc amplifiers are preferred for high level inputs to instrumentation systems because of their high sensitivity, negligible drift and excellent common mode rejection capability.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False
10. Digital filters are not sensitive to temperature as compared with analog filters.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True

Clinical Data Interchange/Exchange Standards

1. _________ resolution analog-to-digital converter is used in digitization of ECG signal in signal conditioning.
a) 16 bit
b) 12 bit
c) 32 bit
d) 64 bit
Answer: 12 bit
2. ______________ techniques are used in a new algorithm proposed by Jen and Hwang to obtain the long term ECG signal feature and extract the meaningful information hiding in the QRS complex.
a) Cepstrum time warping and Dynamic coefficient
b) Cepstrum coefficient and Dynamic time warping
c) QRS detection and Dynamic coefficient
d) QRS detection and Cepstrum time warping
Answer: Cepstrum coefficient and Dynamic time warping
3. Which task is performed after the Ventricular fibrillation detection in automated arrhythmia monitoring system?
a) Noise detection
b) Beat labeling
c) Atrial fibrillation detection
d) Rhythm definition
Answer: Rhythm definition
4. The number of steps involved in the detection of QRS complex is ______
a) One step
b) Two steps
c) Three steps
d) Four steps
Answer: Two steps
5. What is the condition in which the R-R interval is declared premature?
a) If it is less than 75% of the predicted interval
b) If it is greater than 75% of the predicted interval
c) If it is less than 85% of the predicted interval
d) If it is greater than 85% of the predicted interval
Answer: If it is less than 85% of the predicted interval
6. A disturbance in the heart’s normal rhythmic contraction is called ____________
a) Heart stroke
b) Cardiac arrest
c) Arrhythmias
d) Premature contraction
Answer: Arrhythmias
7. Which of the following is used to detect Ventricular Fibrillation?
a) Shape of the QRS complexes
b) Frequency domain analysis
c) Timing sequence of QRS complexes
d) Difference of the R-R interval
Answer: Frequency domain analysis
8. What is an arrhythmia monitor?
a) Patient monitoring system
b) Sophisticated alarm system
c) Sophisticated monitoring system
d) ECG interpretation system
Answer: Sophisticated alarm system
9. Which of the following two elements are removed by the detection filter in the process of the ECG waveform?
a) Low frequency noise, motion noise
b) Muscle artifact, motion noise
c) Baseline wander, motion noise
d) Baseline wander, muscle artifact
Answer: Low frequency noise, motion noise
10. In arrhythmia monitoring system, it gives alarm light signals whenever the prematured or widened ectopic beats exist up to the rate of __________
a) 6/min to 10/min
b) 6/min to 12/min
c) 6/min or 10/min
d) 6/min or 12/min
Answer: 6/min or 12/min
11. ____________ is the sampling rate of analog-to-digital converter in digitizing of ECG signal in signal conditioning.
a) 200-215 Hz
b) 215 Hz
c) 40-100 Hz
d) 250 Hz
Answer: 250 Hz
12. Which of the following is based on analyzing the shape of the QRS complexes and separating beats into groups or clusters?
a) Morphology characterization
b) Noise detection
c) Beat labeling
d) Timing classification
Answer: Morphology characterization
13. ___________ is the final stage in arrhythmia analysis.
a) Summary statistics
b) Alarms
c) Rhythm labeling
d) Beat labeling
Answer: Rhythm labeling
14. ECG signal is amplified and filtered with 0.05-100 Hz for diagnostic purposes and 1-40 Hz for monitoring purposes in signal conditioning.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
15. The steep, large amplitude variation of the QRS complex is the obvious characteristics to use and this is the function of the Q wave detector.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False

Transmission of Still Images

1. The range between the max and min values is applied parameter which can be measured is called ____________
a) repeatability
b) span
c) output range
d) input range
Answer: span
2. Which of the following characteristic is defined for the material: Ability of the sensor to repeat a measurement when put back in the same environment.
a) saturation
b) conformance
c) threshold
d) repeatability
Answer: repeatability
3. What is the total operating range of the transducer is called?
a) offset
b) threshold
c) span
d) drift
Answer: span
4. What is the region called in which the output does not change with an increase in input?
a) saturation
b) threshold
c) offset
d) input range
Answer: saturation
5. ___________ is called the closeness of a calibration curve to a specified curve for an inherently non linear transducer.
a) saturation
b) linearity
c) conformance
d) hysteresis
Answer: conformance
6. Time for the sensor to reach a stable output once it is turned on. This is the definition of ________________
a) settling time
b) span
c) frequency response
d) response time
Answer: settling time
7. The minimum input of physical parameter that will create a detectable out change. This is the definition of which of the following parameter?
a) threshold
b) span
c) sensitivity
d) precision
Answer: sensitivity
8. _______________ is not a dynamic property.
a) frequency response
b) response time
c) settling time
d) saturation
Answer: saturation
9. ___________ is not a static property.
a) repeatability
b) frequency response
c) hysteresis
d) saturation
Answer: frequency response
10. Hysteresis is changed in output with the same value of the input.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True

Transmission of Video Images

1. What is the diameter of Ragweed pollen?
a) 6 micron
b) 19 micron
c) 14 micron
d) 15 micron
Answer: 19 micron
2. The required bandwidth of the preamplifier used in cell counter must be?
a) 70 kHz
b) 120 kHz
c) 70 Hz
d) 120 Hz
Answer: 70 kHz
3. Model ____________ automatically compensates for the loss of pulses during coincidence error.
a) 4008 S Coulter counter
b) S plus Coulter counter
c) A plus Coulter counter
d) 4008 A Coulter counter
Answer: S plus Coulter counter
4. In Coulter counter, for such an aperture, a length of about ______ and flow rate of ______ ml/s would be optimum.
a) 100 u, 0.04
b) 200 u, 0.02
c) 100 u, 0.02
d) 200 u, 0.04
Answer: 200 u, 0.04
5. Which of the following information is not provided by the Coulter Counter?
a) Relative cell size distribution
b) Settings of the threshold level control
c) Relative cell size
d) Mean cell volume
Answer: Mean cell volume
6. What occurs when two or more particles are present in the sensing zone at the same time?
a) Calibration
b) Troubleshooting
c) Delay in results
d) Coincidence error
Answer: Coincidence error
7. Which following is not constant for the calibration factor in Coulter counter?
a) Electrolyte resistivity
b) Amplifier gain setting
c) Given aperture size
d) Setting of the threshold level control
Answer: Setting of the threshold level control
8. Blood cell counters, operating on the principle of conductivity change, which occurs each time a cell passes through an orifice, are generally known as ___________
a) optical method
b) electrical conductivity
c) coulter Counter
d) microscopic method
Answer: coulter Counter
9. Which of the following is not the provide by multi-parameter coulter counter?
a) Mean cell volume
b) Red cell count
c) Mean cell hemoglobin volume
d) White cell count
Answer: Mean cell hemoglobin volume
10. The diameter of the polystyrene latex particles are _____________
a) 6 micron
b) 6-20 micron
c) 20 micron
d) 6-14 micron
Answer: 6-14 micron
11. Under a total count of _______ pulses, primary coincidence is negligible and can be ignored.
a) 5000
b) 1000
c) 8000
d) 10000
Answer: 10000
12. In multi-parameter coulter counter, what is the time taken by 1 ml of blood to obtain all parameters?
a) 34 sec
b) 45 sec
c) 34-50 sec
d) 34-45 sec
Answer: 34-50 sec
13. Which electrode is placed inside the orifice tube, in coulter counter?
a) Metal electrode
b) Platinum electrode
c) Silicon electrode
d) Magnesium electrode
Answer: Platinum electrode
14. Coulter counters have a serious drawback linked with the mercury manometer arrangement.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
15. Typically, an aperture of 100 m diameter and 200 m length, separating two solutions of sulphate buffered saline, has a resistance of about 25 kW and capacitance of 120 pF.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False

Transmission of Digital Audio

1. The system is built around a Zeiss microscope with two______ eyepieces and a _____ oil immersion objective and with computer controlled focusing.
a) 40 x, 10 x
b) 10 x, 40 x
c) 15 x, 40 x
d) 15 x, 10 x
Answer: 15 x, 40 x
2. Which of the following is not the error of the electronic counter?
a) Settling error
b) Coincidence error
c) Concentration error
d) Dilution errors
Answer: Concentration error
3. Which of the following is not determined by the cell identification system?
a) Lymphocytes
b) Basophils
c) Monocytes
d) Erythrocytes
Answer: Erythrocytes
4. What is the dilution factor of platelet count?
a) 63000
b) 630
c) 6300
d) 63
Answer: 6300
5. In picoscale, the number of particles N in a unit volume is determined from the relation if H stands for a factor of dilution, L is scaling factor of the counter, V is measured volume and E is result display on the digital display.
a) N = HL/VE
b) N = H/LVE
c) N = HV/LE
d) N = HLV/E
Answer: N = HLV/E
6. In the settling error, if the readings are taken within 4–5 min., the settling error is?
a) Less than 1%
b) Less than 10%
c) More than 1%
d) Equals 1%
Answer: Less than 1%
7. The system is designed to analyze standard slides at a_______ slides per hour rate.
a) 30 to 35
b) 20 to 30
c) 40 to 50
d) 35 to 40
Answer: 35 to 40
8. The instrument picoscale primarily counting for?
a) MCH
b) MCV
c) PBC
d) PCT
Answer: PBC
9. In diff-3 system, counts and differentiates _______ important categories of red blood cells.
a) Three
b) Seven
c) Four
d) Two
Answer: Seven
10. What enables the system to transfer cell pattern recognition information into differential results in an image processor?
a) A flying spot-scanner
b) A three-colour flying spot-scanner
c) Golay logic processor
d) Golay linear processor
Answer: Golay logic processor
11. There are two types of coils employed in the system, which are ______________
a) Tygon coils and mixing coils
b) Mixing coils and tubing coils
c) Delay coils and tygon coils
d) Mixing coils and delay coils
Answer: Mixing coils and delay coils
12. Miller (1976) describes a differential white blood cell classifier based upon a ______ approach.
a) A four-colour flying spot-scanner
b) A four-colour flying-scanner
c) A three-colour flying spot-scanner
d) A three-colour flying-scanner
Answer: A three-colour flying spot-scanner
13. What is used to check the wavelength calibration of a spectrometer?
a) Absorption filter
b) Helium oxide filter
c) Homium oxide filter
d) Helium dioxide filter
Answer: Homium oxide filter
14. For white cells, the diameter of capillaries are?
a) 58 micrometer
b) 72 micrometer
c) 116 micrometer
d) 102 micrometer
Answer: 102 micrometer
15. To obtain the statistical error, the instrument reading should be multiplied by the scaling factor of the counter.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True

Cyber Medicine

1. _______ instruments are now available for the measurement of blood velocity, volume flow, flow direction, flow profile and to visualize the internal lumen of blood vessel.
a) Transit-time
b) Doppler-shift
c) Square wave
d) Sine wave
Answer: Doppler-shift
2. A calibrating signal of _____ mV amplitude can be connected to preamplifier with an input selector switch.
a) 10
b) 20
c) 30
d) 40
Answer: 30
3. Which of the following is a non invasive method for measurement of peripheral blood flow or blood flow in various organs?
a) Electromagnetic
b) Ultrasonic
c) NMR
d) Laser Doppler
Answer: NMR
4. What is the common mode input impedance of preamplifier used in square wave blood flowmeter?
a) 110 MW
b) 130 MW
c) 150 MW
d) 180 MW
Answer: 150 MW
5. In which type of electromagnetic blood flowmeter, the energizing voltage is given to magnet is a square wave?
a) Sine wave electromagnetic flowmeter
b) Square wave electromagnetic flowmeter
c) Sawtooth wave electromagnetic flowmeter
d) Impulse wave electromagnetic flowmeter
Answer: Square wave electromagnetic flowmeter
6. The Angular frequency of precession is given by W=2pv=rBo, where v is _____________
a) ratio of magnetic moment to angular momentum
b) density of steady magnetic field
c) frequency of radiation
d) length of coil
Answer: frequency of radiation
7. What is used to recover the signal, which is analogue of the flow rate being measured?
a) Low-pass filter
b) Phase sensitive detector
c) Gating Circuit
d) Bandpass filter
Answer: Phase sensitive detector
8. In which type of electromagnetic flowmeter, the probe magnet is energized with sine wave?
a) Sine wave electromagnetic flowmeter
b) Square wave electromagnetic flowmeter
c) Sawtooth wave electromagnetic flowmeter
d) Impulse wave electromagnetic flowmeter
Answer: Sine wave electromagnetic flowmeter
9. The Angular frequency of precession is given by W=2pv=rBo, where r is ____________
a) ratio of magnetic moment to angular momentum
b) density of steady magnetic field
c) frequency of radiation
d) length of coil
Answer: ratio of magnetic moment to angular momentum
10. Which of the following is a non-invasive technique to measure blood velocity in a particular vessel from surface of the body?
a) Electromagnetic
b) Ultrasonic
c) NMR
d) Laser Doppler
Answer: Ultrasonic
11. The Angular frequency of precession is given by W=2pv=rBo,where Bo is _______
a) ratio of magnetic moment to angular momentum
b) density of steady magnetic field
c) frequency of radiation
d) length of coil
Answer: density of steady magnetic field
12. The preamplifier used in square wave blood flowmeter has a CMRR of _______ dB.
a) 96
b) 100
c) 106
d) 110
Answer: 106
13. For blood flow measurement work, the behavior of the two hydrogen atoms of water is studied.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
14. The major problem encountered with the sinusoidal type of magnetic field is that the blood vessel and the fluid contained in it act as the primary coil of a transformer when the probe magnet is excited.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False
15. Doppler-shift instruments are now available for the measurement of blood velocity, volume flow, flow direction, flow profile and to visualize the internal lumen of blood vessel.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True

Application of Telemedicine

1. What is the average flow velocity in veins?
a) 5 to 10 cm/s
b) 10 to 12 cm/s
c) 12 to 18 cm/s
d) 20 to 25 cm/s
Answer: 10 to 12 cm/s
2. Magnitude of voltage picked up is denoted as e = CHVd, where C is __________
a) velocity of blood flow
b) strength of magnetic field
c) diameter of blood vessel
d) constant of proportionality
Answer: diameter of blood vessel
3. Iron cored electromagnets are used in probes having a diameter between ______
a) 0.1 to 1 mm
b) 1 to 8.2 mm
c) 8.2 to 10 mm
d) 10 to 15 mm
Answer: 1 to 8.2 mm
4. Which of the following instrument is most commonly used for measurement of blood flow?
a) NMR Blood Flowmeter
b) Ultrasonic Blood Flowmeter
c) Electromagnetic Blood Flowmeter
d) Laser Doppler Blood Flowmeter
Answer: Electromagnetic Blood Flowmeter
5. What is the external diameter of flow heads?
a) 0.5 mm
b) 1 mm
c) 1.5 mm
d) 2 mm
Answer: 1 mm
6. Magnitude of voltage picked up is denoted as e = CHVd, where H is ___________
a) velocity of blood flow
b) strength of magnetic field
c) diameter of blood vessel
d) constant of proportionality
Answer: strength of magnetic field
7. The induced emf is picked by point electrodes made from ______ in electromagnetic blood flowmeter.
a) copper
b) graphite
c) platinium
d) copper tungsten
Answer: platinium
8. Which of the following physiological parameter is most difficult to measure accurately?
a) Blood pressure
b) Blood Flow
c) Blood Volume
d) Skin color
Answer: Blood Flow
9. Air cored electromagnets are used in probes having a diameter _________
a) between 0.5 to 1 mm
b) between 1 to 2 mm
c) below 8.2 mm
d) above 8.2 mm
Answer: above 8.2 mm
10. The average flow velocity appears to be _______ cm/s in arteries.
a) 5 to 10
b) 10 to 12
c) 12 to 18
d) 20 to 25
Answer: 20 to 25
11. What is velocity for the cardiovascular system taken for designing the probe?
a) 5 cm/s
b) 10 cm/s
c) 15 cm/s
d) 20 cm/s
Answer: 15 cm/s
12. The cable from the transducer to an instrument is sleeved with medical grade silicon rubber.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
13. The induced emf is picked by point electrodes made from platinium in electromagnetic blood
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
14. To protect probe from chemical attack, it must be encapsulated in silicon rubber.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True
15. The operating principle underlying all electromagnetic type flowmeters is based upon Kirchoff’s law.
a) True
b) False
Answer: False

PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System)

1. Where optical heterodyning takes place in Laser Doppler Blood Flowmeter?
a) Plastic fibre
b) Photo diode
c) He-Ne Laser
d) CO2 Laser
Answer: Photo diode
2. What is the operating wavelength of He-Ne laser?
a) 610.8 nm
b) 622.6 nm
c) 632.8 nm
d) 650 nm
Answer: 632.8 nm
3. What is used to receive beams of light?
a) Plastic fibre
b) Photo diode
c) He-Ne Laser
d) CO2 Laser
Answer: Plastic fibre
4. What is the effective radiation penetration depth in soft tissue?
a) 1 mm
b) 2 mm
c) 3 mm
d) 4 mm
Answer: 1 mm
5. What functions as a square law device and gives out current?
a) Plastic fibre
b) Photodetector
c) He-Ne Laser
d) CO2 Laser
Answer: Photodetector
6. Which laser is used in Laser doppler blood flowmeter?
a) Nd-YAG
b) Argon
c) He-Ne
d) CO2
Answer: He-Ne
7. Which of the following instrument is used to measure blood flow in the skin?
a) NMR Blood Flowmeter
b) Ultrasonic Blood Flowmeter
c) Electromagnetic Blood Flowmeter
d) Laser Doppler Blood Flowmeter
Answer: Laser Doppler Blood Flowmeter
8. Which technique seems to offer several advantages like light reproducibility and sensitivity?
a) NMR
b) Laser Doppler
c) Electromagnetic
d) Ultrasonic
Answer: Laser Doppler
9. What is the power of laser light used in Laser Doppler Blood flowmeter?
a) 2 mW
b) 3 mW
c) 4 mW
d) 5 mW
Answer: 5 mW
10. The laser output is coupled into the fibre using a converging lens.
a) True
b) False
Answer: True